{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T17:35:40Z","timestamp":1776447340650,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:italic>Commotio cordis<\/jats:italic> is a rare event that occurs following blunt, non-penetrating trauma to the chest, precipitating a ventricular arrhythmia. <jats:italic>Commotio cordis<\/jats:italic> requires immediate medical attention through cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation, often resulting in death. <jats:italic>Commotio cordis<\/jats:italic> is most common condition among young male athletes. The purpose of this study was to describe the incidents and patterns of <jats:italic>commotio cordis<\/jats:italic> among young athletes participating in organised sports in the USA from academic years 1982-1983 through 2022-2023.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was a retrospective, descriptive epidemiology study using surveillance data from the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research. The study included all <jats:italic>commotio cordis<\/jats:italic> incidents captured in the database. We calculated descriptive statistics (counts and proportions) overall and stratified by outcome and athlete sport.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over the study period, 64 incidents of commotio cordis were captured. The majority occurred among males (n=60) and were caused by contact with an object\/apparatus (n=39) or contact with another player (n=20). The most common sports were baseball (n=20), lacrosse (n=17) and football (n=13). Over half of these incidents resulted in death (n=34), although survival from <jats:italic>commotio cordis<\/jats:italic> increased over the study period. A higher proportion of fatal incidents occurred among football athletes and were caused by contact with another player.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:italic>Commotio cordis<\/jats:italic> remains most common among young male athletes who participate in organised baseball, lacrosse and football. Although survival has improved over time, greater awareness and emergency preparedness for <jats:italic>commotio cordis<\/jats:italic> in an organised sport are needed to facilitate prompt recognition and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2024-045374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T23:30:13Z","timestamp":1722382213000},"page":"ip-2024-045374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Incidents and patterns of <i>commotio cordis<\/i> among athletes in the USA from 1982 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5754-8323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Shore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garrett A","family":"Moseley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randi","family":"DeLong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johna","family":"Register-Mihalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Matthew Gfeller Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A","family":"Drezner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sports Cardiology, Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grant James","family":"Dickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert C","family":"Cantu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen L","family":"Kucera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.04.029"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0910111"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806183382504"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03235-9","article-title":"Advancing commotio cordis safety standards using the total human models for safety (THUMS)","volume":"51","author":"Dickey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.962712"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.05.053","article-title":"Don\u2019t forget commotio cordis","volume":"156","author":"Maron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.10.034"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2023.06.027","article-title":"Commotio cordis returns\u2026when we least expected it: cardiac arrest in a professional football player","volume":"202","author":"Maron","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.9","unstructured":"Tainter CR , Hughes PG . Commotio cordis. In: StatPearls. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK526014\/"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.10","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death: an update on commotio cordis","volume":"15","author":"Okorare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738108330972"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.804617"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513478572"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.14","unstructured":"Chest pads for sports: do they protect against cardiac arrest? Available: https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/health\/health-news\/chest-pads-sports-protect-cardiac-arrest-rcna64606 [Accessed 09 May 2024]."},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.15","unstructured":"Kucera KL , Cantu RC . Catastrophic sports injury research: thirty-eigth annual report, fall 1982 - Spring 2020. Chapel Hill; 2021."},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738118799084"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104486"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.2.02","article-title":"The inter-association task force document on emergency health and safety: best-practice recommendations for youth sports leagues","volume":"52","author":"Huggins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2025092503522468000_ip-2024-045374v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.4.12"}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2024-045374","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T10:52:58Z","timestamp":1758797578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2024-045374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip-2024-045374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip-2024-045374","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]}}}