{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:39:43Z","timestamp":1792798783187,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Services Research and Development","award":["HX002757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HX002757"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0083hz885","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rsv9s98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Suicide rates have increased substantially among Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) Veterans who are more likely to use suffocation as a suicide method than Veterans overall. This study examined demographic, healthcare and injury characteristics of AANHPI Veterans who died by suicide through suffocation and examined the contexts of these deaths. Analyses further examined if there were differences between AANHPI and non-AANHPI Veterans who died by suffocation suicide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This mixed methods analysis used National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) data from AANHPI (n=44) and non-AANHPI (n=3090) Veterans who died by suicide through suffocation (2012\u20132018).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hanging comprised nearly all suffocation deaths, although ligature types varied extensively. Residence was the most common location of injury and death, with basements a more common location of death within the home among AANHPI Veterans, relative to a matched, non-AANHPI Veteran sample. There was a significantly higher proportion of females among AANHPI decedents. Additionally, AANHPI decedents were significantly less likely to have emergency medical services present, relative to non-AANHPI decedents. The majority of AANHPI decedents were discovered by family or an intimate partner.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Addressing ligature suicide among AANHPI Veterans is necessary to ensure an equitable suicide prevention approach. Lethal means safety initiatives and postvention strategies that consider salient contextual factors (eg, location of death, discovery by loved ones) are warranted for this population. Considering the ubiquity of ligatures and ligature points, upstream suicide prevention approaches that address drivers of suicide risk are particularly important for preventing suicide among AANHPI Veterans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2024-045425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T13:20:16Z","timestamp":1735910416000},"page":"648-654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Suicide by suffocation among Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Veterans in the USA (2012\u20132018)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8104-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey L","family":"Monteith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7911-2990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A","family":"Kittel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6161-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan R","family":"Polzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9896-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Holliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6971-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph A","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8542-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire A","family":"Hoffmire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention . 2023 National Veteran Suicide Prevention Annual Report. 2023."},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention . 2023 National Veteran Suicide Prevention Annual Report Data Appendix. 2023."},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.09.006"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9041135"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000193"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.6","article-title":"Suicide and suicide attempts in the Pacific Islands: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"17","author":"Mathieu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.7","unstructured":"Guam State Epidemiological Outcomes Workgroup . 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Harnessing National Violent Death Reporting System Data to Understand Circumstances Surrounding Veteran Deaths by Suicide and Undetermined Intent: A Novel Linkage of VA, DoD, and CDC Data. Milwaukee, WI: National Violent Death Reporting System Data (NVDRS), 2023."},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayring P . Qualitative content analysis: theoretical background and procedures. In: Approaches to qualitative research in mathematics education: Examples of methodology and methods. 2015: 365\u201380.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9181-6_13"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.076349"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12956"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.01.003"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12516"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.01.077"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.05.003"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.27","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs . 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The validity of race and Hispanic origin reporting on death certificates in the United States. 2008."},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254417","article-title":"Not discussed: Inequalities in narrative text data for suicide deaths in the National Violent Death Reporting System","volume":"16","author":"Mezuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1324"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appsy.2011.11.001"},{"key":"2026102201100756000_32.4.648.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103797"}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2024-045425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:10:44Z","timestamp":1792656644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2024-045425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip-2024-045425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip-2024-045425","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]}}}