{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T18:41:19Z","timestamp":1757616079104,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous research suggests that some racial\/ethnic groups are at increased risk for poor health outcomes following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Less is known about the extent to which TBI prevalence and incidence vary by race\/ethnicity. This paper presents results of a systematic search and review of TBI prevalence and incidence among US racial and ethnic groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed, included any prevalence or incidence measure of head injury (TBI and concussion) in a US population, stratified by race and\/or ethnicity and included data collected within the last 20 years. Estimates were synthesised and described based on study outcomes and population types.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>TBI prevalence and incidence varied by race and ethnicity across a range of population and outcome types. Past year self-reported prevalence of sports-related or recreation-related concussion ranged from about 11% to 40% and was generally highest among American Indian\/Alaska Native (AI\/AN) high school students and lowest among Asian high school students. Similarly, rates of TBI-related deaths across the USA ranged from 7.7 per 100\u2009000 population among Asian\/Pacific Islanders to 29.0 among AI\/AN individuals. Rates of abusive head trauma were generally higher among black children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This review suggests the prevalence and incidence of TBI vary considerably by race\/ethnicity and across different outcomes and populations examined. However, certain race\/ethnicity groups, like AI\/AN individuals, generally experience the highest frequency of TBI. Future research and interventions to help reduce TBIs among groups at increased risk for this injury may be warranted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2025-045645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T17:34:14Z","timestamp":1757093654000},"page":"ip-2025-045645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic search and review of racial and ethnic differences in traumatic brain injury prevalence and incidence"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6786-9867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent Gia-Bao","family":"Doan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Injury Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 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