{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:32:50Z","timestamp":1786116770045,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Button battery (BB) injuries in children represent a severe and growing public health burden. The literature on the topic is extensive; however, there is a notable lack of structured public health initiatives addressing the problem. The present study aimed to test the feasibility of using large language models (LLMs) to draft recommendations for preventing and managing BB ingestion in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A set of questions was generated and submitted to ChatGPT-4o and ChatGPT-o1-preview. Questions were based on statements and websites of scientific societies and not-for-profit organisations and were developed to produce comprehensive recommendations that provided information on BB risks, primary and secondary prevention, clinical management and follow-up, and general public health initiatives. Two independent reviewers rated the accuracy and readability of the questions submitted to the LLMs. The accuracy was rated using a four-level scale, while the readability was assessed using two established readability tools, the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) and the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>None of the answers provided by the LLMs were rated as completely incorrect or partially incorrect. ChatGPT-o1-preview outperformed ChatGPT-4o in accuracy, with eight answers rated as accurate and complete. Both models showed similar readability levels, with high FKGL and FRE scores indicating college-level comprehension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LLM demonstrated a strong performance in this study, with no responses rated as incorrect or partially incorrect, showing its great potential and feasibility for use in public health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present findings suggested the potential feasibility of LLMs in public health for preventing paediatric injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2025-045655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T17:20:16Z","timestamp":1753118416000},"page":"505-509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large language models in public health: opportunity or threat? The case of button battery injuries"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Lorenzoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080605200757000_32.3.505.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2022.0849","article-title":"Pediatric Button Battery Injuries-Current State and What\u2019s Next?","volume":"148","author":"Gibbs","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2026080605200757000_32.3.505.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-056709","article-title":"Pediatric Battery-Related Emergency Department Visits in the United States: 2010-2019","volume":"150","author":"Chandler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080605200757000_32.3.505.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2024-045339"},{"key":"2026080605200757000_32.3.505.4","unstructured":"OpenAI . ChatGPT (4o and o1-preview). Available: https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/chatgpt [Accessed 31 Mar 2025]."},{"key":"2026080605200757000_32.3.505.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057532"},{"key":"2026080605200757000_32.3.505.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1225861","article-title":"Applying ChatGPT in public health: a SWOT and PESTLE analysis","volume":"11","author":"Morita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026080605200757000_32.3.505.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03172-7"},{"key":"2026080605200757000_32.3.505.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039250","article-title":"ChatGPT in medicine: A cross-disciplinary systematic review of ChatGPT\u2019s (artificial intelligence) role in research, clinical practice, education, and patient interaction","volume":"103","author":"Fatima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026080605200757000_32.3.505.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e662","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00124-9","article-title":"A future role for health applications of large language models depends on regulators enforcing safety standards","volume":"6","author":"Freyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"2026080605200757000_32.3.505.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.19971","article-title":"FTC Regulation of AI-Generated Medical Disinformation","volume":"332","author":"Haupt","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2025-045655","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T12:20:27Z","timestamp":1786018827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2025-045655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip-2025-045655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip-2025-045655","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]}}}