{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:53:33Z","timestamp":1791096813891,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Futures","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0323snh42","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Royal National Lifeboat Institution, United Kingdom","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01g621a78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the causes and circumstances surrounding drowning events is vital to inform context-specific interventions. Verbal autopsy (VA) instruments have been used to improve the identification of drowning deaths in low-income and middle-income countries. However, the challenges and opportunities of using VA to understand the causes and circumstances surrounding fatal drowning deaths are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the extent to which causes and circumstances surrounding fatal drowning data are captured by the studies that use VA instruments, what challenges are faced, and what opportunities lie in improving this instrument.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A scoping review, including publications from January 2012 to September 2023, was conducted using 14 electronic databases, 3 academic search engines and 10 grey literature sources. Data were analysed using frequency counts. Five experts were engaged to corroborate the review findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>11\u2009457 publications were identified, and 9 were included after eligibility screening. Only one study captured the causes and circumstances of fatal drowning using VA instruments. Challenges regarding the VA instruments were reporting and recall bias, misclassification of cause of death and missing records. Opportunities include: optimising the \u2018open narrative\u2019 section, creating a drowning-specific module for VA instruments and complementing the instrument with social autopsy tools and qualitative methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings indicate a severe gap in evidence, with implications for global organisations which develop VA instruments, to update their VA instruments with questions that can report the circumstances of a drowning death. It is anticipated that this could accelerate the action on global drowning prevention for sustainable development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2025-045685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T17:20:24Z","timestamp":1754414424000},"page":"723-731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Verbal autopsy instruments for \u2018causes and circumstances\u2019 surrounding drowning deaths in low\u2013 and middle\u2013income countries: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8448-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nibedita S","family":"Ray-Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business and Institute for Environmental Futures, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"},{"name":"Avoidable Deaths Network, Leicester, 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