{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T07:57:00Z","timestamp":1781164620993,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the factors linked to all-cause mortality and morbidity from neurological and musculoskeletal injuries during motorcycle accidents in Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was part of a two-armed, parallel, multi-period, cluster-randomised controlled trial of 1003 motorcycle crash victims. Morbidity was assessed using various scoring systems, and mixed effects regression models were employed for analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety-day all-cause mortality was 9.2% (82\/887). Factors associated with mortality included referral-to-dispatch &gt;1\u2009hour (OR 4.215 (1.802\u20139.858), p=0.001), Kampala Trauma Score (KTS) \u22646 (OR 7.696 (1.932\u201330.653), p=0.004), GCS 9\u201312 (OR 3.432 (1.194\u20139.870), p=0.022), GCS \u22648 (OR 6.919 (2.212\u201321.645), p=0.001), intra-axial lesions (OR 78.647 (9.871\u2013626.587), p&lt;0.001), extra-axial lesions (OR 11.933 (1.386\u2013102.750), p=0.024), skull fracture (OR 11.366, (1.197\u2013107.977), p=0.034) and craniotomy (OR 0.260 (0.095\u20130.706), p=0.008).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A percentage of 14.5% had unfavourable Glasgow Outcome Scale (1\u20133); associated factors included increasing age (OR 1.02 (1.013\u20131.045,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.001), multiple injuries (OR 4.559 (1.185\u201317.531), p=0.027), KTS 7-8 (OR 2.755 (1.285\u20135.906), p=0.009), KTS \u22646 (OR 7.551 (2.815\u201320.255), p=0.001), GCS 9-12 (OR 4.07 (1.901\u20138.719), p=0.001), GCS \u22648 (OR 13.779 (5.643\u201333.645),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) and craniotomy (OR 0.149 (0.075\u20130.295),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Factors associated with unfavourable patient-reported musculoskeletal outcomes included being married (OR 1.984 (1.322\u20132.976),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.001), multiple injuries (OR 1.762 (1.001\u20133.100),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.049) and enrolment after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (OR 2.095 (1.199\u20133.659), p=0.009].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The key determinants of mortality and adverse neurological and musculoskeletal injury outcomes observed in this study are essential for establishing core outcome sets in future research and predictive models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR202308851460352).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2025-045737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T18:20:25Z","timestamp":1767378025000},"page":"ip-2025-045737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Factors associated with all-cause mortality and morbidity of motorcycle crash-related neurological and musculoskeletal injuries in Uganda: the MOTOR cluster randomised trial ancillary study"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0647-9716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herman","family":"Lule","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention (IEP) Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Faculty of Medicine, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Aanaesthesia (CHESA), University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micheal","family":"Mugerwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4568-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Abio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku Faculty of Medicine, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"INVEST Research Flagship Centre, University of Turku Faculty of Medicine, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Oguttu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership (BHP), Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Jinja, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kakeeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hoima Regional Referral Hospital, Hoima, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Fort Portal Regional Referral 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