{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:25:20Z","timestamp":1793395520280,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intimate partner violence against women exists in all cultures. Despite legal and policy measures, there is a lack of standardised contextual tools to assess specific experiences, particularly among ever-married women in India. Hence, developing a domestic violence (DV) scale for ever-married women in India is critical for accurate assessment, policymaking and research, allowing for better support and legal protection. The aim of the research is to develop and validate the DV scale for ever-married women in India.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The DV against women scale was developed based on reviewing literature and selecting items for a DV questionnaire, followed by expert evaluation and pilot testing. A multicentre study across 18 states in India with 15\u2009507 participants was carried out to assess content validity and the reliability of the scales through test\u2013retest and internal consistency measures. After a decade of assessment, the same scale was administered to 921 participants in one state at two time points, separated by a 10-year gap. Cronbach\u2019s alpha, overall percentage agreement and kappa statistics were used to examine the internal consistency and reliability.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The DV scales for ever-married women used 27 items which include the major domains of psychological violence, physical violence and sexual violence. Cronbach\u2019s alpha value of overall factors is 0.989, which shows excellent reliability and represents that our item that leads to DV is best defined. Test\u2013retest reliability assessed using kappa statistics (62-98) had adequate properties to measure DV against women in India. The scale had Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 above 7.0, indicating a better internal consistency.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The validity and reliability of the scale over a two-time period indicated that the scales were comprehensible and culturally specific. Moreover, it had adequate properties to identify the DV against women in India and any other similar cultural context.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2025-045808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T19:00:17Z","timestamp":1753210817000},"page":"ip-2025-045808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and validation of the domestic violence scale for ever-married women in India"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6999-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meerambika","family":"Mahapatro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krushna","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeetendra","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetha","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8464-4396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudeshna","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092504491985000_ip-2025-045808v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001439","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"10","author":"Devries","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025092504491985000_ip-2025-045808v1.2","unstructured":"Dwiastuti W , Yamin HMA . The simplification domestic violence in Colleen Hoover\u2019s it ends with us. 2016. Available: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/343424770_The_Simplification_Domestic_Violence_in_Colleen_Hoover\u2019s_It_Ends_with_Us_2016 [Accessed 05 Oct 2023]."},{"key":"2025092504491985000_ip-2025-045808v1.3","unstructured":"Kamakshi S . Latest NTHS-5 data shows 30% of Indian women face domestic violence\u2026 and that\u2019s just the reported number! women\u2019s web. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.womensweb.in\/2022\/05\/nfhs-5-domestic-violence-latest-figures-show-not-much -has-changed-may22wk4sr\/ [Accessed 18 May 2023]."},{"key":"2025092504491985000_ip-2025-045808v1.4","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women (on behalf of the UN Inter-Agency Working Group on violence against women estimation and data). Geneva World Health Organization; 2021."},{"key":"2025092504491985000_ip-2025-045808v1.5","unstructured":"International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International . Domestic violence national family health survey (NFHS-5) 2017\u20132021. Mumbai IIPS; 2021."},{"key":"2025092504491985000_ip-2025-045808v1.6","unstructured":"WHO . Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. 2013. Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/85241\/WHO_RHR_HRP_13.06_eng.pdf"},{"key":"2025092504491985000_ip-2025-045808v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Follingstad DR . 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