{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:08:36Z","timestamp":1784138916676,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005217","name":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R49CE003552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R49CE003552"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As global temperatures increase, ice formation on water bodies might slow and\/or be of shorter duration, increasing risk for drowning injury and mortality during wintertime activities. This research explores the state of the scholarly literature on ice-related drownings and applies that knowledge to vital records data from Michigan in the Great Lakes region of the USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review of the scholarly literature on wintertime drownings to characterise the current state of the scholarly literature. Using death records from the Great Lakes region of the USA, we identify risk factors and describe temporal patterns of mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 469 unique articles, nine were included in this study. Papers were from the United States, Canada, Scandinavia and one multi-country study. Study lengths ranged from 5 to 30 years, including victims of all ages. Risk factors included alcohol use, particularly while operating snowmobiles. Results from Michigan, a Great Lakes state in the USA, suggest that while ice-related drownings are few (less than four per year), most deaths occur when driving snowmobiles or other kinds of motor vehicles onto frozen water bodies that might insufficiently support the weight of the vehicle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both the literature and mortality records from Michigan indicate that ice-related drowning mortality incidents are preventable and occur during recreational activities often associated with snowmobile use. With warming temperatures and unpredictable freezing patterns along with increasing wintertime recreational activities and snowmobile use, public health professionals should proactively consider new ways to prevent injuries and deaths.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2025-045857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:25:33Z","timestamp":1784136333000},"page":"ip-2025-045857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ice-related winter drowning: an area for evidence-informed injury prevention"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6621-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter S","family":"Larson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail R","family":"Nacht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas J","family":"Wiebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Drowning. 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/drowning"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e692","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00165-1","article-title":"Drowning prevention: turning the tide on a leading killer","volume":"6","author":"Meddings","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.3","unstructured":"Grisak A . Ice fisching tips For beginners. Countryside & Small Stock Journal 2025;109. Available: https:\/\/link.gale.com\/apps\/doc\/A824523690\/CSIC?u=umuser&sid=summon&xid=270f36aa"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo3378"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/15715124.2021.2007936","article-title":"Effects of climate change on river-ice processes and ice jams","volume":"21","author":"Burrell","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of River Basin Management"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2359","article-title":"Simulations of climate effects on water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and ice and snow covers in lakes of the contiguous U.S. under past and future climate scenarios","volume":"54","author":"Fang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Limnology & Oceanography"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8068","article-title":"Response of Northern Hemisphere lake\u2010ice cover and lake\u2010water thermal structure patterns to a changing climate","volume":"25","author":"Dibike","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol Process"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdt081"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.9.1071"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/114.1.48","article-title":"Injuries associated with snowmobiles, Alaska, 1993-1994","volume":"114","author":"Landen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241222","article-title":"Increased winter drownings in ice-covered regions with warmer winters","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.02.078","article-title":"Injury patterns and outcomes of ice-fishing in the United States","volume":"34","author":"Thiels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh194"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00057-4"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.15","first-page":"147","article-title":"Snowmobile-related deaths in Ontario: a 5-year review","volume":"146","author":"Rowe","year":"1992","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-18-00027.1","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Variation of Surf Drownings in the Great Lakes: 2010\u201317","volume":"35","author":"Vlodarchyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Coastal Research"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(84)90008-2","article-title":"Morphodynamic variability of surf zones and beaches: A synthesis","volume":"56","author":"Wright","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mar Geol"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-023-01189-6"},{"key":"2026071510252395000_ip-2025-045857v1.19","unstructured":"Nasdaq . Snowmobile Market to Exceed US 2.2 Billion by 2033 Amid Rise in Winter Sports and Recreational Activities Worldwide: Rising Popularity of Snowmobiling Making North America a Happy Hunting Ground for Snowmobile Manufacturers 2023. NASDAQ OMX\u2019s News Release Distribution Channel; 2023."}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2025-045857","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:25:37Z","timestamp":1784136337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2025-045857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip-2025-045857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip-2025-045857","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}}}