{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:40:39Z","timestamp":1792658439021,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interpersonal firearm violence claims approximately 15,000 lives annually in the USA. 5% of gun stores\u2014known as \u2018trace stores\u2019\u2014account for 90% of firearms used in crimes. Oversight of these stores falls to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF). However, the efficacy of ATF enforcement on reducing firearm-related violence remains understudied. This study evaluates the relationship between ATF interventions and local firearm crimes and assaults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Firearm assault and homicide data (June 2014 to January 2020) were collected from the local Police Department\u2019s Open Data Portal. The Brady Gun Store Transparency Project Database was used to identify firearm dealer violations and ATF actions involving trace stores. A top 100 trace store was selected for analysis. Interrupted time-series analysis was performed to evaluate for impact of the ATF action. Due to autocorrelation using a Durbin-Watson test, a Prais-Winsten analysis was applied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ATF action was associated with an 18% reduction in firearm-related crimes (\u03b2 \u221278.2, 95%\u2009CI \u2212125.3 to \u221231.2) and firearm assaults or homicides (\u03b2 \u221225.7, 95%\u2009CI \u221244.5 to \u22127.0). A similar upward trend in firearm-related violence persisted from the new baseline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Targeted ATF enforcement can reduce firearm violence in the short term. However, persistent crime and systemic challenges such as infrequent inspections and inconsistent penalties may limit long-term impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ATF interventions at high-risk firearm dealers may help mitigate violence but require sustained, consistent enforcement to ensure lasting effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2025-045896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:20:16Z","timestamp":1772648416000},"page":"678-681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Triggering Change: Evaluating the Impact of ATF Actions on Firearm Assault Rates in a Large US City"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7502-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria","family":"Byskosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Boston Medical Center - Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Acute Care and Trauma Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Acute Care and Trauma Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crisanto","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Acute Care and Trauma Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Dechert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Acute Care and Trauma Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelle","family":"Saillant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Acute Care and Trauma Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Sakran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Hospital Department of Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Seamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dane","family":"Scantling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Acute Care and Trauma Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102201100757000_32.4.678.1","unstructured":"Everytown Research . EveryStat. everystat.org. 2025. Available: https:\/\/everystat.org"},{"key":"2026102201100757000_32.4.678.2","unstructured":"Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives . Fact sheet - federal firearms and explosives licenses by types. 2024 Available: https:\/\/www.atf.gov\/resource-center\/fact-sheet\/fact-sheet-federal-firearms-and-explosives-licenses-types"},{"key":"2026102201100757000_32.4.678.3","unstructured":"Home . Brady\u2019s gun store transparency project. 2005. Available: https:\/\/gunstoretransparency.org\/"},{"key":"2026102201100757000_32.4.678.4","unstructured":"DOJ OIG Releases Report on the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives\u2019 Risk-Based Inspection Selection Processes and Administrative Actions Issued to Federal Firearms Licensees. 2024. 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Dallas opendata. 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.dallasopendata.com\/browse?limitTo=datasets&sortBy=most_accessed"},{"key":"2026102201100757000_32.4.678.11","unstructured":"Stats of the states - firearm mortality. 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/pressroom\/sosmap\/firearm_mortality\/firearm.htm [Accessed 11 Dec 2024]."},{"key":"2026102201100757000_32.4.678.12","unstructured":"Federal Bureau of Investigation . Crime\/Law Enforcement Stats (UCR Program). 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/how-we-can-help-you\/more-fbi-services-and-information\/ucr"},{"key":"2026102201100757000_32.4.678.13","unstructured":"Semiannual Report to Congress: April 1, 2004 - September 30, 2004. Available: https:\/\/oig.justice.gov\/semiannual\/0411\/other.htm [Accessed 11 Dec 2025]."},{"key":"2026102201100757000_32.4.678.14","unstructured":"Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives . Firearms trace data - 2018. 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.atf.gov\/resource-center\/firearms-trace-data-2018"}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2025-045896","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:10:48Z","timestamp":1792656648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2025-045896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip-2025-045896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip-2025-045896","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]}}}