{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:05:18Z","timestamp":1790877918086,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008522","name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008522","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Everytown for Gun Safety","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over the past decade, 29 US states have adopted permitless carry laws, eliminating the requirement to obtain a permit before carrying a firearm in public. Prior research links these policy changes to increases in firearm violence, but less is known about how they relate to individual-level firearm behaviours and purchasing intentions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of firearm-owning and non-owning US adults conducted in the USA in 2024\u20132025 (n=18\u2009251), we examined associations between state permitless carry laws and firearm ownership, carrying behaviour, carry frequency, purchase intentions and firearm type. We estimated logistic and multinomial regression models, sequentially adding individual-level controls and state-level covariates including violent crime rate, poverty rate, racial composition, 2016 Republican vote share and state household firearm ownership.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In models without state-level covariates, residents of permitless carry states were more likely to report firearm ownership (\n                      <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                      =1.79; p&lt;0.001), carrying outside the home (\n                      <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                      =1.44; p&lt;0.05), handgun ownership or purchase intentions (\n                      <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                      =1.85; p&lt;0.001) and intent to purchase a firearm (\n                      <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                      =1.53; p&lt;0.001). However, these associations did not persist after accounting for state-level Republican vote share or gun-ownership rates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differences between permitless and non-permitless states in self-reported firearm ownership, carrying, and purchase intentions dissipated after accounting for broader state-level political and firearm contexts, suggesting that these differences may reflect state political culture and gun ownership more than permit policy alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2026-046297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:26:12Z","timestamp":1790875572000},"page":"ip-2026-046297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Firearm carrying and purchase intentions in US permitless carry states: state policy or state culture?"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4253-3759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul E","family":"Teas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Harbor LLC, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0943-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tannuja D","family":"Rozario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Everytown for Gun Safety, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4539-240X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Filindra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political Science, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100110202748000_ip-2026-046297v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307094"},{"key":"2026100110202748000_ip-2026-046297v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304072","article-title":"Loaded Handgun Carrying Among US Adults, 2015","volume":"107","author":"Rowhani-Rahbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026100110202748000_ip-2026-046297v1.3","unstructured":"Everytown for Gun Safety . Which states require a permit to carry concealed guns in public? 2026. Available: https:\/\/everytownresearch.org\/rankings\/law\/concealed-carry-permit-required [Accessed 14 Mar 2026]."},{"key":"2026100110202748000_ip-2026-046297v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304057","article-title":"Easiness of Legal Access to Concealed Firearm Permits and Homicide Rates in the United States","volume":"107","author":"Siegel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026100110202748000_ip-2026-046297v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-018-0273-3","article-title":"Association between Firearm Laws and Homicide in Urban Counties","volume":"95","author":"Crifasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"2026100110202748000_ip-2026-046297v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-022-00627-5"},{"key":"2026100110202748000_ip-2026-046297v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2023-045211"},{"key":"2026100110202748000_ip-2026-046297v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12638","article-title":"Deregulation of public civilian gun carrying and violent crimes: A longitudinal analysis 1981\u20132019","volume":"23","author":"Doucette","year":"2024","journal-title":"Criminology & Public Policy"},{"key":"2026100110202748000_ip-2026-046297v1.9","unstructured":"Brownlee C . 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