{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:49:15Z","timestamp":1758804555704,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to identify avoidable, contributing factors associated with non-intentional asphyxiation deaths due to upper airway interference in children 0 to 14 years. DESIGN: Historical population based incidence study. METHODS: All postneonatal and childhood deaths by asphyxiation from 1985 to 1994, using appropriate ICD-9-CM codes, were compiled from the Victorian government legislated paediatric mortality surveillance system. Recent cases were identified from the State Coroner's Office. Case definition included children under 15 years who died from upper airway interference such as facial occlusion, head and neck entrapment, rope or cord strangulation, or foreign body. RESULTS: Of the identified 42 deaths, eight (19%) were caused by a foreign body in the airway, five (12%) were due to facial occlusion, 16 (38%) were due to ropes and similar material (seven were homemade rope swings), and 13 (31%) were caused by entrapment (seven were in cots or beds). The average annual rate for asphyxiation deaths by all causes for children 0 to 14 years was 4.7 million. Infants under 1 year had a rate of 20.1\/million, while the rate for 10 to 14 year olds dropped to 2.0\/million. CONCLUSION: Rope swings and rope material are inherently dangerous and frequently prove fatal, especially for older children. For infants, environmental factors are important; in particular food and bedding. Prevention strategies need to be developed that include obligatory standards for the design and manufacture of products for children, appropriate labelling and warnings, and education for children, their carers, and health care professionals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.1.2.76","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,4]],"date-time":"2008-10-04T14:27:03Z","timestamp":1223130423000},"page":"76-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Non-intentional asphyxiation deaths due to upper airway interference in children 0 to 14 years."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Altmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Annual report on obstetric and paediatric mortality and morbidity","author":"on Obstetric, Consultative Council; Mortality, Paediatric; Morbidity","year":"1992","unstructured":"Consultative Council on Obstetric and Paediatric Mortality and Morbidity. Annual report on obstetric and paediatric mortality and morbidity. Victoria, Australia: Consultative Council on Obstetric and Paediatric Mortality and Mobidity, 1992."},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Injury mortality, Australia 1992. Australian injury prevention bulletin","author":"Harrison, J.; Cripps, R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Harrison J, Cripps R. Injury mortality, Australia 1992. Australian injury prevention bulletin. Adelaide: National Injury Surveillance Unit. Issue 6, April 1994.","journal-title":"Adelaide: National Injury Surveillance Unit. Issue"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"231","article-title":"Effectiveness of measures to prevent unintentional deaths of infants and children from suffocation and strangulation","volume":"100","author":"Kraus, J.F.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kraus JF. Effectiveness of measures to prevent unintentional deaths of infants and children from suffocation and strangulation. Public Health Rep 1985; 100: 231-40.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.59.6.1043","article-title":"Infant strangulation","volume":"59","author":"Bergeson, P.S.; Hernried, L.S.; Sonntag, P.L.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bergeson PS, Hernried LS, Sonntag PL. Infant strangulation. Pediatrics 1977; 59 (suppl): 1043-6.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.65.6.1079","article-title":"Strangulation in childhood: epidemiology and clinical course","volume":"65","author":"Feldman, K.W.; Simms, R.J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Feldman KW, Simms RJ. Strangulation in childhood: epidemiology and clinical course. Pediatrics 1980; 65: 1079-85.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249003000207","article-title":"Accidental self-strangulation in a young child: a case report and review","volume":"30","author":"Shepard, R.T.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Shepard RT. Accidental self-strangulation in a young child: a case report and review. Med Sci Law 1990; 30: 119-23.","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.94.1.113","article-title":"Unexpected death due to acute airway obstruc- AmJY tion in daycare centers","volume":"94","author":"Byard, R.W.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Byard RW. Unexpected death due to acute airway obstruc- AmJY tion in daycare centers. 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Washington: United States Consumer Product Safety Commission Bureau of Epidemiology, 1975: 12-25, 60-6.","journal-title":"Commission Bureau of Epidemiology; States Consumer Product Safety"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"284","article-title":"US Consumer Product Safety Commission. Federal code of regulations: commercial practices. Bulletin 16, part 1000 to end","year":"1978","unstructured":"US Consumer Product Safety Commission. Federal code of regulations: commercial practices. Bulletin 16, part 1000 to end. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1978; 284-91."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"15","article-title":"Swedish National Food Administration. The National Food Administration's ordinance on food for infants and young children","volume":"17","author":"Food Standards Division,","year":"1978","unstructured":"Swedish National Food Administration. The National Food Administration's ordinance on food for infants and young children. (SLV FS 1978:17, 15.) Uppsala, Sweden: Food Standards Division, 1978."}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip.1.2.76","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:13:45Z","timestamp":1758802425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip.1.2.76"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip.1.2.76"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip.1.2.76","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1353-8047"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1475-5785"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]}}}