{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:07:21Z","timestamp":1758931641106,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: To compare the age specific rate of passenger injury and associated restraint use for children 2 years and younger in the state of Western Australia (WA), with the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia for the period 1982-92. SETTING: The states of WA and NSW, Australia. METHODS: A descriptive retrospective study of child passenger injuries in WA and NSW was conducted for the period 1 January 1982 to the 31 December 1992. The data provided information about the injured child, such as sex and restraint use, the driver, vehicle, and collision factors, such as time and posted speed limit. RESULTS: A total of 2280 children aged 0 to 2 years were injured in motor vehicle collisions during the study period. Of these children, 653 were from WA and 1627 from NSW. Both the injury and mortality rates were higher in WA compared with NSW over the study period. However 80% and 79% of child passengers injured in WA and NSW, respectively, were restrained at the time of injury. Thus both the sex of the driver and the year the motor vehicle was manufactured best predicted the likelihood of a child being restrained. CONCLUSIONS: As at 1992, WA's population age specific passenger injury rate for children 0-2 years was more than twice the rate in NSW. The comparable rate of reported restraint use by injured children 0-2 years in WA and NSW suggests that non-use of restraints cannot be singled out as the most likely cause of WA's comparatively high rate of injury. It is difficult to determine whether the disparity in rates could be explained by the child passenger's exposure to crash risk factors, as little is known about child passenger levels of exposure to these factors. Further research is needed to address this issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.1.4.245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,4]],"date-time":"2008-10-04T14:27:03Z","timestamp":1223130423000},"page":"245-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Motor vehicle occupant injuries in children 2 years and younger: a comparison between Western Australia and New South Wales 1982-92."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Palamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"When the reporting rates of injury deaths in 1992 from the two data sources were compared with the rate in 1992 from the National Minimum Data Source (which is based on coroners' records and deaths registry,21) no under reporting was evident in the NSW data source while approximately 10% of cases were under reported in WA. Consequently, this should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results. Further, it is likely that reporting bias in relation to whether the injured child was restrained at the time of collision may affect the conclusions.","article-title":"When the reporting rates of injury deaths in 1992 from the two data sources were compared with the rate in 1992 from the National Minimum Data Source (which is based on coroners' records and deaths registry,21) no under reporting was evident in the NSW data source while approximately 10% of cases were under reported in WA. Consequently, this should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results. Further, it is likely that reporting bias in relation to whether the injured child was restrained at the time of collision may affect the conclusions"},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Injury mortality Australia 1992","author":"Harrison, J.; Cripps, R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Harrison J, Cripps R. Injury mortality Australia 1992. Australian Injury Prevention Bulletin 1994; 6.","journal-title":"Australian Injury Prevention Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"Road fatality statistics Australia","author":"of Road Safety, Federal Office","year":"1993","unstructured":"Federal Office of Road Safety. Road fatality statistics Australia. Canberra: Federal Office of Road Safety, 1993."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.41.1.25","article-title":"Developmental issues in child health psychology","volume":"41","author":"Maddux, J.; Roberts, M.; Sledden, E.; Wright, L.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Maddux J, Roberts M, Sledden E, Wright L. Developmental issues in child health psychology. Am Psychol 1986; 41: 25-34.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"Preventing accidents to children: a study in law and policy","author":"Chisholm, R.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Chisholm R. 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Western Australia","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"1991","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Summary characteristics of persons and dwellings. Western Australia. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1991. (Cat No 2482.0.)","journal-title":"Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"key":"ref_12","article-title":"Fatal crash types: analysis of 1988 fatality file","author":"Attewell, R.; Dowse, M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Attewell R, Dowse M. Fatal crash types: analysis of 1988 fatality file. Canberra: Federal Office of Road Safety, Department of Transport and Communications, 1989."},{"key":"ref_13","article-title":"Passenger cars and occupant injury","author":"Fildes, B.; Lane, J.; Lenard, J.; Vulcan, A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fildes B, Lane J, Lenard J, Vulcan A. Passenger cars and occupant injury. Canberra: Federal Office of Road Safety, Department of Transport and Communications, 1991."},{"key":"ref_14","article-title":"In-depth study of crashes where child occupants are injured: a review of the literature","author":"Henderson, M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Henderson M. In-depth study of crashes where child occupants are injured: a review of the literature. Sydney: Michael Henderson Research, 1992."},{"key":"ref_15","article-title":"An evaluation of a campaign to promote the use of motor vehicle safety restraints by children","author":"Palamara, P.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Palamara P. An evaluation of a campaign to promote the use of motor vehicle safety restraints by children. Perth: Curtin University of Technology, 1990."},{"key":"ref_16","article-title":"Restraint wearing rate of vehicle occupants in regional centres of Western Australia","author":"Squire, D.; Maisey, G.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Squire D, Maisey G. Restraint wearing rate of vehicle occupants in regional centres of Western Australia. Perth: Research and Statistics Unit, WA Police Department, 1991."},{"key":"ref_17","article-title":"Introduction to psychology","author":"Atkinson, R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Atkinson R. Introduction to psychology. San Diego, California: Harcourt BraceJovanovich Publishers, 1990."},{"key":"ref_18","article-title":"Description of fatal crashes involving causal variables","author":"Haworth, N.; Rechnitzer, G.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Haworth N, Rechnitzer G. Description of fatal crashes involving causal variables. Canberra: Federal Office of Road Safety, Department of Transport and Communications, 1993."},{"key":"ref_19","article-title":"Trends in road crash rates summary report: Australia 1970-1990","author":"Adena, M.; Anderson, P.; Monstein, H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adena M, Anderson P, Monstein H. Trends in road crash rates summary report: Australia 1970-1990. Canberra: Federal Office of Road Safety, Department of Transport and Communications, 1993."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(73)90004-3","article-title":"Road accident statistics: a comparison of police and hospital information","volume":"5","author":"Bull, J.P.; Roberts, B.J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bull JP, Roberts BJ. Road accident statistics: a comparison of police and hospital information. Accid Anal Prev 1973; 5: 45-53.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"article-title":"National Injury Surveillance Unit (NISU). National minimum data source - injury deaths Australia, 1989-1993","year":"1995","key":"ref_21","unstructured":"National Injury Surveillance Unit (NISU). National minimum data source - injury deaths Australia, 1989-1993. Adelaide: NISU, 1995."},{"key":"ref_22","article-title":"Road safety enforcement: a literature review","author":"Leivesly, S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Leivesly S. Road safety enforcement: a literature review. Canberra: Federal Office of Road Safety, Department of Transport and Communications, 1985."}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip.1.4.245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:24:56Z","timestamp":1758882296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip.1.4.245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip.1.4.245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip.1.4.245","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1353-8047"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1475-5785"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]}}}