{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:49:11Z","timestamp":1758804551786,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE: Bicycle helmet use has become an important measure of the effectiveness of bicycle safety programs and the effectiveness of helmet legislation. Accounts of analytical comparisons of observation site selection methods are scarce. This report addresses this gap by reporting the relative effectiveness and costs of two alternative approaches to the selection of observation sites for helmet use counts. METHODS: The community based (COBA) method of site selection entailed asking community informants to identify locations frequented by young bicycle riders. In the bicycle club\/map (CLMA) method, site selections were based on recommendations from club members of sites at which cyclists were likely to be found and through examination of maps, keying on local features. These alternative site selection methods were compared in terms of their overall and cost effectiveness in locating youth riders. RESULTS: Despite fewer observer hours and fewer sites in a sparsely populated rural county, the COBA method yielded greater numbers of riding youth and from 1.9 to 4.6 times more youth riders per observer hour than did the CLMA method in two densely populated suburban counties. In addition, costs per youth rider observed associated with the COBA method were 2.9 to 7.0 times lower than those associated with the CLMA method. CONCLUSIONS: Community based site identification is both more efficient in locating youth riders and more cost effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2.4.283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,4]],"date-time":"2008-10-04T14:27:03Z","timestamp":1223130423000},"page":"283-285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A community based approach to bicycle helmet use counts."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"L. R.","family":"Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. B.","family":"Mandell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. R.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"O'Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Injury control recommendations: bicycle helmets. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Vol 44, number RR-1","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1995","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Injury control recommendations: bicycle helmets. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Vol 44, number RR-1. Atlanta: Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198905253202101","article-title":"A case-control study of the effectiveness ofbicycle safety helmets","volume":"320","author":"Thompson, R.S.; Rivara, F.P.; Thompson, D.C.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Thompson DC. A case-control study of the effectiveness ofbicycle safety helmets. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1361-7.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"667","article-title":"Bicycle helmet laws and educational campaigns: an evaluation Public Health of strategies to increase","volume":"83","author":"Dannenberg, A.L.; Gielen, A.C.; Beilenson, P.L.; Wilson, M.H.; Joffe, A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dannenberg AL, Gielen AC, Beilenson PL, Wilson MH, Joffe A. Bicycle helmet laws and educational campaigns: an evaluation Public Health of strategies to increase 1993; 83: 667-74."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.6.1216","article-title":"Bicycle helmet use among Maryland children","volume":"89","author":"Cote, T.; Sacks, J.J.; Lambert-Huber, D.A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cote T, Sacks JJ, Lambert-Huber DA, et al. Bicycle helmet use among Maryland children. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 1216-20.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)90006-X","article-title":"Mandatory bicycle helmet use following a decade of helmet promotion in Victoria, Australia: an evaluation","volume":"26","author":"Cameron, M.H.; Vulcan, A.P.; Finch, C.F.; Newstead, S.V.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cameron MH, Vulcan AP, Finch CF, Newstead SV. Mandatory bicycle helmet use following a decade of helmet promotion in Victoria, Australia: an evaluation. Accid Anal Prev 1994; 26: 325-37.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289203101106","article-title":"Taking it to the streets: helmet use and bicycle safety as components of inner-city youth development","volume":"31","author":"Winn, G.L.; Jones, D.F.; Bonk, C.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Winn GL, Jones DF, Bonk CJ. Taking it to the streets: helmet use and bicycle safety as components of inner-city youth development. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1992; 31: 672-7.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.1.78","article-title":"Trends in bicycle helmet use by children: 1985 to 1990","volume":"89","author":"Weiss, B.D.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Weiss BD. Trends in bicycle helmet use by children: 1985 to 1990. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 78-80.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Evaluation of the compulsory helmet wearing legislation for bicyclists in South Australia. Office of Road Safety Report Series 8\/94","author":"Marshall, J.; White, M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marshall J, White M. Evaluation of the compulsory helmet wearing legislation for bicyclists in South Australia. Office of Road Safety Report Series 8\/94. Walkerville, South Australia: Office of Road Safety, South Australian Department of Transport, 1994."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"92","article-title":"Promotion of bicycle helmet use among schoolchildren: A randomized","volume":"82","author":"Morris, B.A.P.; Trimble, N.E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Morris BAP, Trimble NE. Promotion of bicycle helmet use among schoolchildren: A randomized Public Health 1991; 82: 92-4.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","article-title":"The behaviour and crash involvement risk of child pedestrians and bicyclists: a traffic exposure study. Report No 17","author":"Drummond, A.E.; Ozanne-Smith, E.J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Drummond AE, Ozanne-Smith EJ. The behaviour and crash involvement risk of child pedestrians and bicyclists: a traffic exposure study. Report No 17. Victoria, Australia: Monash University Accident Research Centre, 1991."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"22","article-title":"Measurement of bicycle helmet use by direct observation: accuracy of a measurement methodology","volume":"5","author":"Parkin, P.; Morris, B.; Chapman, M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Parkin P, Morris B, Chapman M, et al. Measurement of bicycle helmet use by direct observation: accuracy of a measurement methodology. Pediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1991; 5: A22-3 (abstr).","journal-title":"Pediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"57","article-title":"Bicycle helmet use and compliance: a northeastern Ontario roadside survey","volume":"86","author":"Rowe, B.H.; Thorsteinson, K.; Bota, G.W.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rowe BH, Thorsteinson K, Bota GW. Bicycle helmet use and compliance: a northeastern Ontario roadside survey. Can J Public Health 1995; 86: 57-60.","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430160078034","article-title":"Bicycle helmet use by children: evaluation of a community-wide helmet campaign","volume":"262","author":"DiGuisseppi, C.G.; Rivara, F.P.; Koepsall, T.D.; Polissar, L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"DiGuisseppi CG, Rivara FP, Koepsall TD, Polissar L. Bicycle helmet use by children: evaluation of a community-wide helmet campaign. JAMA 1989; 262: 2256-61.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"225","article-title":"Association between helmet legislation, bicycle safety education and use of bicycle helmets in children","volume":"148","author":"Macknin, M.L.; Medendorp, S.V.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Macknin ML, Medendorp SV. Association between helmet legislation, bicycle safety education and use of bicycle helmets in children. 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