{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:35:45Z","timestamp":1770824145177,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To examine the prevalence of drug positivity among drivers suspected of driving under the influence of an intoxicant, and consequently apprehended by the police in Ireland.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold> 2000 specimens were selected for drug analysis, 1000 with results under the limit for alcohol and 1000 over the limit. The limit for alcohol is 80 mg\/100 ml in blood and 107 mg\/100 ml in urine. Seven drugs\/drug classes were examined; amphetamines, methamphetamines, benzodiazapines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates and methadone.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> 331 (33.1%) of the drivers under the legal limit for alcohol tested positive for one or more of the relevant drugs, and the corresponding figures of drivers over the limit was 142 (14.2%; p&lt;0.001). Using weighted analysis, this corresponds to 15.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 13.5% to 18.1%) of all tested drivers (15.8% in men and 14.5% in women). Among drivers who had minimal blood alcohol levels, 67.9% (95% CI 61.2% to 74.1%) were taking at least one type of drug. The prevalence of taking drugs reduced steadily as alcohol concentrations increased, but still remained as high as 11.1% (95% CI 8.3% to 14.6%) for drivers with blood alcohol concentrations &gt;200 mg\/100 ml. Being under the limit for alcohol, stopped in a city area, stopped between 6 am and 4 pm, or 4 pm and 9 pm, and being of a younger age were each independently associated with drug positivity.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> There are immediate implications for the evidential breath alcohol program and for checkpoints; in the event of a nil or low alcohol reading being obtained, a separate blood or urine specimen should be sought for analysis, which is currently non-routine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.013177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,14]],"date-time":"2006-12-14T13:42:01Z","timestamp":1166103721000},"page":"404-408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Drinking, drugs and driving in Ireland: more evidence for action"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"P","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C P","family":"Leavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D A","family":"Cusack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092505365457000_12.6.404.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00052-5"},{"key":"2025092505365457000_12.6.404.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14310J","volume":"43","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2025092505365457000_12.6.404.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00042-3"},{"key":"2025092505365457000_12.6.404.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00081-1"},{"key":"2025092505365457000_12.6.404.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(99)00194-2"},{"key":"2025092505365457000_12.6.404.6","unstructured":"Commission of the European Communities. 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