{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:41:35Z","timestamp":1791067295764,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Backing crash injures can be severe; approximately 200 of the 2,500 reported injuries of this type per year to children under the age of 15\u2005years result in death. Technology for assisting drivers when backing has limited success in preventing backing crashes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two questions are addressed: Why is the reduction in backing crashes moderate when rear-view cameras are deployed? Could rear-view cameras augment sensor systems?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>46 drivers (36 experimental, 10 control) completed 16 parking trials over 2 \u2005days (eight trials per day). Experimental participants were provided with a sensor camera system, controls were not. Three crash scenarios were introduced.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parking facility at UMass Amherst, USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>46 drivers (33 men, 13 women) average age 29\u2005years, who were Massachusetts residents licensed within the USA for an average of 9.3 \u2005years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vehicles equipped with a rear-view camera and sensor system-based parking aid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subject's eye fixations while driving and researcher's observation of collision with objects during backing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Only 20% of drivers looked at the rear-view camera before backing, and 88% of those did not crash. Of those who did not look at the rear-view camera before backing, 46% looked after the sensor warned the driver.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicates that drivers not only attend to an audible warning, but will look at a rear-view camera if available. Evidence suggests that when used appropriately, rear-view cameras can mitigate the occurrence of backing crashes, particularly when paired with an appropriate sensor system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2009.021535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,2]],"date-time":"2010-04-02T06:47:51Z","timestamp":1270190871000},"page":"79-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Backing collisions: a study of drivers' eye and backing behaviour using combined rear-view camera and sensor systems"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"David S","family":"Hurwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuj","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald L","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Knodler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W","family":"Muttart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Meissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092504164122000_16.2.79.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.08.016"},{"key":"2025092504164122000_16.2.79.2","first-page":"144","article-title":"Nonfatal motor-vehicle-related backover injuries among children\u2013United States, 2001\u20132003","volume":"54","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025092504164122000_16.2.79.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(98)90616-9"},{"key":"2025092504164122000_16.2.79.4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Driveway-related motor vehicle injuries in the paediatric population: a preventable tragedy","volume":"115","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J NZ Med Assoc"},{"key":"2025092504164122000_16.2.79.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.93.2.284","article-title":"Differences in child pedestrian injury events by location","volume":"93","author":"Agran","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025092504164122000_16.2.79.6","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Vehicle backover avoidance technology study. November 2006. Report to Congress. Washington DC, USA: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation."},{"key":"2025092504164122000_16.2.79.7","unstructured":"McLaughlin SB Hankey JM Green CA . Driver performance evaluation of two rear parking aids. Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles 2003."},{"key":"2025092504164122000_16.2.79.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720053653901"}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip.2009.021535","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T11:16:49Z","timestamp":1758799009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip.2009.021535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip.2009.021535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip.2009.021535","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}}}