{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T17:23:21Z","timestamp":1788197001136,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Japanese road traffic law was amended in 2002 and 2007 to increase the penalties for drink-driving in response to media coverage, publicity campaigns, and debates following high-profile alcohol-related motor-vehicle crashes in 1999 and 2006.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To test the hypothesis that the proportion of crashes involving drink-driving started to decline before the law amendments, because of changes in social norms and driver behaviour after the high-profile crashes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In order to assess the impact of the cases in 1999 and 2006, time-series analyses were used to examine the trends in the proportion of crashes involving drink-driving, and whether there were abrupt changes in the level or slope at the expected time points, using monthly police data for the period between January 1995 and December 2008.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 1999, the proportion of alcohol-related fatal crashes in which the driver had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) \u22650.5\u2005mg\/ml started to decline with a slope change of \u22120.09 percentage points per month (95% CI \u22120.15 to \u22120.03) but no level change, whereas there were no changes for drivers with a BAC &lt;0.5. In 2006, the trends for drivers with a BAC \u22650.5 or &lt;0.5 showed significant level declines of \u22123.1 (\u22125.0 to \u22121.2) and \u22121.7 (\u22122.5 to \u22120.9) percentage points, respectively, but no slope changes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Media coverage of high-profile crashes, and subsequent publicity campaigns and debates might have altered social norms and driver behaviour, reducing the proportion of alcohol-related crashes before the introduction of more severe penalties for drink-driving.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.027680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,22]],"date-time":"2010-12-22T20:30:13Z","timestamp":1293049813000},"page":"182-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of high-profile collisions on drink-driving penalties and alcohol-related crashes in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shinji","family":"Nakahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Ichikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092603174839000_17.3.182.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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