{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:06:48Z","timestamp":1758931608745,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to explain the relationship of a history of driver's violations as a factor in motor vehicle versus child pedestrian injury incidents. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted utilizing police reports from 1 January 1993, to 30 June 1995, to identify drivers (cases) whose car struck a child pedestrian less than 15 years of age. Controls were randomly selected drivers identified from the license files of the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) who had no record of striking a child pedestrian in the 30 month study period. Two controls per case were selected based on postal code of residence and incident date of case. Prior driver citations, safety violations, license suspension\/revocation, and negligent operator points were analyzed from 1 April 1991, to the incident date for cases and controls. RESULTS: Of 327 drivers who met the case definition, 237 (73%) had information on file in the California DMV driver records. Analysis was based on 237 cases and 474 controls. Drivers who hit a child pedestrian were more likely to have had a prior citation, more citations, more safety violations, a suspended or revoked license, or more negligent operator points than drivers who did not hit a child pedestrian in the study period. A positive association exists between the number of citations, safety violations, or negligent operator points and the likelihood that a driver hit a child pedestrian. CONCLUSIONS: Drivers with a history of driving infractions represent a high risk source of danger to child pedestrians. Possible routes of intervention include more rigorous sanctions against these drivers, more intensive education of the involved driver regarding pedestrians, higher insurance and monetary penalties, and a need to pursue more rigorously hit-and-run and unlicensed drivers, including modification of driver code violations for such cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.3.4.262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,4]],"date-time":"2008-10-04T14:27:03Z","timestamp":1223130423000},"page":"262-266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Relationship between driver's record and automobile versus child pedestrian collisions."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"A. S.","family":"Lightstone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Peek-Asa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. F.","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System","volume-title":"Annual report of fatal and injury motor vehicle traffic collision","year":"1994","unstructured":"Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System. 1994 Annual report of fatal and injury motor vehicle traffic collision. California: Department of California Highway Patrol, SWITRS, May 1995."},{"article-title":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts 1994","year":"1995","key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts 1994. Washington: US Department of Transportation, NHTSA, August 1995."},{"issue":"1 17","key":"ref_3","article-title":"Pedestrian safety: the identification of precipitating factors and possible countermeasures","volume":"2","author":"Snyder, M.B.; Knoblauch, R.L.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Snyder MB, Knoblauch RL. Pedestrian safety: the identification of precipitating factors and possible countermeasures. Washington: US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Vol 2. FH-1 17 312, 1971.","journal-title":"Vol; US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(90)90046-N","article-title":"The epidemiology and prevention of child pedestrian injury","volume":"22","author":"Malek, M.; Guyer, B.; Lescohier, I.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Malek M, Guyer B, Lescohier I. The epidemiology and prevention of child pedestrian injury. 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Am J Dis Child 1990; 144: 692 - 6.","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2173-6_9","article-title":"Interactions between drivers and pedestrians: some new approaches to pedestrian safety","volume-title":"behavior and traffic safety","author":"Howarth, I.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Howarth I. Interactions between drivers and pedestrians: some new approaches to pedestrian safety. In: Evans L, Schwing RC, eds. Human behavior and traffic safety. New York: Plenum Press, 1985: 171-85."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087501700510","article-title":"An experimental study of driver and pedestrian interaction during the crossing conflict","volume":"17","author":"Katz, A.; Zaidel, D.; Elgrishi, A.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Katz A, Zaidel D, Elgrishi A. An experimental study of driver and pedestrian interaction during the crossing conflict. Hum Factors 1975; 17: 514-27.","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.64.4.318","article-title":"Fatal pedestrian collisions-driver negligence","volume":"64","author":"Baker, S.P.; Robertson, I.S.; O'Neill, B.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Baker SP, Robertson IS, O'Neill B. Fatal pedestrian collisions-driver negligence. Am J7 Public Health 1974; 64: 318-25.","journal-title":"Am J7 Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.679","article-title":"Hit the bottle and run: the role of alcohol in hit-and-run pedestrian fatalities","volume":"55","author":"Solnick, S.J.; Hemenway, D.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Solnick SJ, Hemenway D. Hit the bottle and run: the role of alcohol in hit-and-run pedestrian fatalities. J Stud Alcohol 1994; 55: 679-84.","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"Traffic conviction and accident-recordfacts","author":"Gebers, M.A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gebers MA. Traffic conviction and accident-recordfacts. CAL, DMV-RSS-90-127, Sacramento, CA: California Department of Motor Vehicles, October 1990."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unlicensed drivers","volume":"12","author":"STOPS, San Francisco Police Department","year":"1996","unstructured":"San Francisco Police Department. STOPS. Unlicensed drivers. Sacramento, CA: OTS Tracks, 1996; 12(2): 1 - 3."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"89","article-title":"Revoking the driver's license-ingenious discovery or anachronism","volume":"29","author":"Ehret, J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ehret J. Revoking the driver's license-ingenious discovery or anachronism. Blutalkohol 1992; 29: 89 - 97.","journal-title":"Blutalkohol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)90024-8","article-title":"The impact of media campaign in the reduction of risk-taking behavior on the part of the drivers","volume":"26","author":"Koenig, D.J.; Wu, Z.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Koenig DJ, Wu Z. The impact of media campaign in the reduction of risk-taking behavior on the part of the drivers. Accid Anal Prev 1994; 26: 625-33.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(90)90051-L","article-title":"Limitations of data compiled from police reports on pediatric pedestrian and bicycle motor vehicle events","volume":"22","author":"Agran, P.F.; Castillo, D.N.; Winn, D.G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Agran PF, Castillo DN, Winn DG. Limitations of data compiled from police reports on pediatric pedestrian and bicycle motor vehicle events. 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