{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:59:15Z","timestamp":1789880355495,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\u2014To describe the young driver problem and the emergence of graduated licensing as a way to address it.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\u2014Literature review and commentary.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\u2014Twenty four states in the United States adopted versions of graduated licensing in 1996\u201398; initial results show positive effects.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\u2014A major public health movement is under way that can be expected to produce significant reductions in crashes and injuries involving young drivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.5.2.133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]],"date-time":"2008-12-31T18:59:59Z","timestamp":1230749999000},"page":"133-135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Graduated licensing comes to the United States"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Allan F","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(92)90027-G"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(92)90013-R"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.3","first-page":"1","volume":"3","year":"1987","journal-title":"Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4375(96)00003-5","volume":"27","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.5","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. General estimates system 1995. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, 1996."},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.6","unstructured":"Federal Highway Administration. Nationwide personal transportation survey 1995. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, 1997."},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.7","unstructured":"Mayhew DR, Simpson HM. Young drivers and novice drivers. New to the road: similar problems and solutions? Ottawa, Ontario: Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada, 1990."},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.8","unstructured":"Bergeron J. Behavioral, attitudinal and physiological characteristics of young drivers in simulated driving tasks as a function of past accidents and violations. Presented at the New to the Road Symposium, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1991."},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(86)90041-2"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(86)90044-8"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138808966701"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.12","unstructured":"Preusser DF, Leaf WA, Ferguson SA, et al. Variations in teenage activities with and without a driver's license. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 1998."},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.75.4.358"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.14","unstructured":"Insurance Research Council. Public attitude monitor 1995. Wheaton, IL: Insurance Research Council, 1995."},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3342256"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4375(96)00001-1"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3343314"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00081-X"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00060-2"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.20","unstructured":"Teknekron, Inc. Model for provisional (graduated) licensing of young novice drivers. (DOT-HS-802\u2013313.) Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, 1977."},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagge RA, Marsh WC. An evaluation of the traffic safety impact of provisional licensing. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Motor Vehicles, 1988.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4375(87)90066-1"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.22","unstructured":"McKnight AJ, Hyle P, Albricht L. Youth license control demonstration project, Maryland Department of Transportation and National Public Services Research Institute. (DOT-HS-806\u2013616.) Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1983."},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.23","first-page":"7\u201311, 18.","volume":"29","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Traffic Safety Education"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3343089"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.68.10.959","volume":"68","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.70.6.599","volume":"70","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(86)90048-5"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00040-2"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.29","unstructured":"Boase P, Tasca L. Graduated licensing systems evaluation, interim report '98. Ottawa, Ontario: Safety Policy Branch, Ministry of Transport, 1998."},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.30","unstructured":"Ulmer RG, Preusser DF, Williams AF, et al. Effect of Florida's graduated licensing program on the crashes of teenage drivers. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 1999."},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(85)90041-7"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4375(96)00013-8"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.33","first-page":"37","volume":"26","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Traffic Medicine"},{"key":"2025092504420526000_5.2.133.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4375(97)00023-6","volume":"29","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip.5.2.133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T11:42:15Z","timestamp":1758800535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip.5.2.133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip.5.2.133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip.5.2.133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}}}