{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:36:52Z","timestamp":1782473812028,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Aims<\/jats:italic>\u2014To identify how toddlers who drowned gained access to private swimming pools; to recommend preventive strategies to reduce the incidence of toddler drowning and near drowning.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Method<\/jats:italic>\u2014The study reviewed critically all completed investigations into the drowning deaths of toddlers aged 1\u20134 years reported to the state coroner (n=33) as a result of unintentional submersion incidents in domestic swimming pools in Victoria, Australia, from 1 January 1992 to 31 December 1997.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\u2014There was a predominance of 1 year olds, and boys. Forty six per cent of the children drowned in the three summer months. The majority of pools were in-ground; most were located on the child's home property. Over half the pools lacked fencing of any kind; of those that did have fences, only three appear to have met Australian standards.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\u2014More than half of the children studied drowned in unfenced pools and spas. In not one case did a child gain unaided access to a pool fitted with a fully functional gate and fence that met the Australian standard. Where children gained access to fenced pools, the majority did so via faulty or inadequate gates, or through gates that were propped open. This finding highlights the need for pool owners to install Australian standard approved fences and gates, and to maintain existing fences and gates regularly. Door locks and supervision were inadequate primary prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.6.4.288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T15:53:59Z","timestamp":1033487639000},"page":"288-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Toddler drowning in domestic swimming pools"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Blum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Shield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.1","first-page":"163","volume":"165","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.2","first-page":"1","volume":"5","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hazard"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6835.1143","volume":"304","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121253.x","volume":"154","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.6.1168","volume":"88","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.6","unstructured":"Building Control Commission. Silence: that's all you hear when a child drowns. Melbourne: Building Control Commission, 1997."},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.7","unstructured":"Standards Australia. AS 1926.1\u20131993: Swimming pool safety, Part 1: fencing for swimming pools. Homebush: Standards Australia, 1993: 6\u20139."},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.8","unstructured":"Standards Australia. AS 1926.2\u20131995: Swimming pool safety, Part 2: location of fencing for private swimming pools. Homebush: Standards Australia, 1995."},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.9","unstructured":"Standards Australia. AS 2818\u20131993: Guide to swimming pool safety. Homebush: Standards Australia, 1993."},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.10","unstructured":"Standards Australia. AS 2820\u20131993: Gate units for private swimming pools. Homebush: Standards Australia, 1993: 7."},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.11","first-page":"557","volume":"169","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121021.x","volume":"154","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510440066035"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.1996.tb01638.x","volume":"20","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.3.4.307"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.16","first-page":"37","volume":"1","year":"1991","journal-title":"Health Promotion Journal of Australia"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.1.4.228"},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.18","unstructured":"Nixon J, Pearn J, Oldenburg B, et al. Review of countermeasures to reduce drowning, near-drowning and spinal injuries from diving into shallow water. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, 1995: 20."},{"key":"2025092504372810000_6.4.288.19","unstructured":"Pitt R. Fences save lives. The Bulletin 1992; March 3: 57."}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip.6.4.288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T11:37:35Z","timestamp":1758800255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip.6.4.288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip.6.4.288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip.6.4.288","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]}}}