{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:59:59Z","timestamp":1787677199749,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To compare associations of alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine abuse and traffic crash risk for \u201cat fault\u201d crashes and all crashes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold> A historical cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Setting:<\/jats:bold> Toronto, Ontario.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Patients or subjects:<\/jats:bold> Subjects beginning treatment at the Centre for Addictions and Mental Health (CAMH) in 1994 for abuse of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and all combinations of these substances (n\u200a=\u200a590, with 411 drivers). A control group consisted of 518 records from the Ontario registry of registered drivers, frequency matched for age and sex and residence.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Interventions:<\/jats:bold> CAMH subjects took part in therapeutic programs. Pre-intervention (11 115 driver-years) and post-intervention intervals (8550 driver-years) were defined and compared.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Main outcome measures:<\/jats:bold> Crash and collision rates, adjusted relative risks (ARRs) of crash involvement and of \u201cat fault\u201d crashes were computed using Poisson regression to control for variations in time at risk, age, and sex of participants.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Pre-treatment, significant ARRs of 1.49 to 1.79 for all crashes were found for abusers of cannabis, cocaine, or a combination. ARRs increased by 10%\u201315% for \u201cat fault\u201d crashes. Post-treatment, all associations were very modest for all abuse types. Only younger and male drivers had a significantly increased risk, which was stronger for \u201cat fault\u201d than for all crashes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Abuse of cannabis and cocaine pre-treatment was more strongly related to \u201cat fault\u201d crashes than to all crashes. Interaction between these substances means that the effects of combined abuse cannot be predicted from simple main effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.9.4.343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,23]],"date-time":"2003-12-23T16:50:29Z","timestamp":1072198229000},"page":"343-348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Being \u201cat fault\u201d in traffic crashes: does alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, or polydrug abuse make a difference?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"M L","family":"Chipman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R E","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092503282343000_9.4.343.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00013-P"},{"key":"2025092503282343000_9.4.343.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1938.02790380018006"},{"key":"2025092503282343000_9.4.343.3","unstructured":"Lucas GWH, Kalow W, McColl JD, et al. Quantitative studies of the relationship between alcohol levels and motor vehicle accidents. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Alcohol and Road Traffic. Toronto, Canada: Garden City Press Cooperative, 1955:139\u201342."},{"key":"2025092503282343000_9.4.343.4","unstructured":"Borkenstein RF, Crowther RF, Shumate RP, et al. The role of the drinking driver in traffic accidents. Bloomington, IN: Department of Police Administration, Indiana University, 1964."},{"key":"2025092503282343000_9.4.343.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(61)90122-9"},{"key":"2025092503282343000_9.4.343.6","first-page":"19","volume":"85","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"2025092503282343000_9.4.343.7","unstructured":"US Surgeon General. Surgeon General\u2019s workshop on drunk driving: background papers. 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