{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:09:10Z","timestamp":1791220150299,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The examination of ciliary ultrastructure in a nasal sample remains a definitive diagnostic test for primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The quantitative assessment of ciliary ultrastructure in the diagnosis of PCD over a 20-year period was reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During this period, 1182 patients were referred for ciliary ultrastructural analysis, 242 (20%) of whom were confirmed as having the disease. The two main causes of PCD identified were a lack of outer dynein arms (43%) and a lack of both inner and outer dynein arms (24%). Other causes included transposition, radial spoke and inner dynein arm defects. No specific ultrastructural defects were detected in 33 patients (3%) diagnosed as having PCD on the basis of their clinical features and screening tests that included a low nasal nitric oxide concentration or slow saccharine clearance and abnormal ciliary beat frequency or pattern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electron microscopy analysis can confirm but does not always exclude a diagnosis of PCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2011-200415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,3]],"date-time":"2011-12-03T00:40:17Z","timestamp":1322872817000},"page":"267-271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Twenty-year review of quantitative transmission electron microscopy for the diagnosis of primary ciliary 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