{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T19:50:32Z","timestamp":1787946632715,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary antibody immunodeficiency with approximately 20% of patients reporting additional autoimmune symptoms. The primary aim of this study was to compare the levels of activated and regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in CVID patients in an attempt to clarify their possible interactions leading to the generation of autoimmunity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunophenotyping of T cells was performed by flow cytometry using a whole blood approach. Surface expression of human leukocyte antigen HLA class II DR and intracellular levels of granzyme B in T cell subsets were assessed; Treg levels were measured using CD4 CD25, FOXp3 and CTLA-4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CVID patients had higher levels of granzyme B and HLA-DR on CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells compared with control values (mean of 59% vs 30% and 45% vs 21%, respectively). Patients also had reduced levels of Treg cells compared with control values (con mean=3.24% vs pat=2.54%). Patients with autoimmunity (5\/23) had a similar level of T cell activation markers to the rest of the patients but with lower Treg cells (mean of 1.1%) and reduced CD25 and CTLA-4 expression. Patients with autoimmunity had a higher ratio of activated to Treg cells compared with patients with no autoimmune symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results highlight that reduced levels of Treg cells were associated with elevated levels of activated T cells, suggesting that reduced Treg cells in these patients may have functional consequences in allowing exaggerated T cell responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2012-201046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]],"date-time":"2012-11-21T21:54:12Z","timestamp":1353534852000},"page":"146-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["CVID patients with autoimmunity have elevated T cell expression of granzyme B and HLA-DR and reduced levels of Treg cells"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Clive R D","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Transplant Immunology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganesha","family":"Aravind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Beckett Wing, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natuley L","family":"Smalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Transplant Immunology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"June Y","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Transplant Immunology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinisa","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Beckett Wing, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M D","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Transplant Immunology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Beckett Wing, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"(Suppl1)","key":"2025112108351738000_66.2.146.1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Primary Immunodeficiency diseases. 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