{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:09:55Z","timestamp":1792678195361,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Histochemical staining of tissue is a fundamental technique in tissue diagnosis and research, but it suffers from significant variability. Efforts to address this include laboratory quality controls and quality assurance schemes, but these rely on subjective interpretation of stain quality, are laborious and have low reproducibility. We aimed (1) to develop a method for histochemical stain quantification using whole slide imaging and image analysis and (2) to demonstrate its usefulness in measuring staining variation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A method to quantify the individual stain components of histochemical stains on virtual slides was developed. It was evaluated for repeatability and reproducibility, then applied to control sections of an appendix to quantify H&amp;E staining (H\/E intensities and H:E ratio) between automated staining machines and to measure differences between six regional diagnostic laboratories.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The method was validated with &lt;0.5% variation in H:E ratio measurement when using the same scanner for a batch of slides (ie, it was repeatable) but was not highly reproducible between scanners or over time, where variation of 7% was found. Application of the method showed H:E ratios between three staining machines varied from 0.69 to 0.93, H:E ratio variation over time was observed. Interlaboratory comparison demonstrated differences in H:E ratio between regional laboratories from 0.57 to 0.89.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A simple method using whole slide imaging can be used to quantify and compare histochemical staining. This method could be deployed in routine quality assurance and quality control. Work is needed on whole slide imaging devices to improve reproducibility.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,6]],"date-time":"2014-12-06T01:34:46Z","timestamp":1417829686000},"page":"192-199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Quantification of histochemical stains using whole slide imaging: development of a method and demonstration of its usefulness in laboratory quality control"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Allan","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pete","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Treanor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.1","unstructured":"Bancroft JD , Gamble M . Theory and practice of histological techniques. 6th edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2006."},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.01.033"},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.3","unstructured":"Magee D , Treanor D , Crellin D , et al . Colour normalisation in digital histopathology images. In: Proc. Optical Tissue Image analysis in Microscopy, Histopathology and Endoscopy (MICCAI workshop). London; 2009."},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.4","unstructured":"United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service (UK NEQAS). http:\/\/www.ukneqas.org.uk (accessed 2 Oct 2013)."},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.5","unstructured":"The Biological Stain Commission. http:\/\/www.biologicalstaincommission.org\/ (accessed 31 Dec 2013)."},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.6","unstructured":"College of American Pathologists Accreditation and Laboratory Improvement Program. http:\/\/www.cap.org\/apps\/cap.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=accreditation"},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.7","first-page":"291","article-title":"Quantification of histochemical staining by color deconvolution","volume":"23","author":"Ruifrok","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal Quant Cytol Histol Int Acad Cytol Am Soc Cytol"},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.8","unstructured":"Elizabeth Little. What difference does a difference make? In: Pathology Visions 2010 . San Diego, 2010."},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.9","unstructured":"International Color Consortium Summit on Color in Medical Imaging. In: Silver Spring MD, 2013."},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.10","unstructured":"Badano A , Revie C , Casertano A , et al . Consistency and standardization of color in medical imaging: a consensus report (in preparation)."},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.11","unstructured":"Virtual pathology at the University of Leeds. 2014. http:\/\/www.virtualpathology.leeds.ac.uk"},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1155\/1998\/607373","article-title":"A technique for section thickness evaluation for microphotometry and image analysis of sectioned nuclei","volume":"17","author":"Cabrini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal Cell Pathol J Eur Soc Anal Cell Pathol"},{"key":"2025092502002177000_68.3.192.13","first-page":"29","article-title":"How thick is your section? The influence of section thickness on DNA-cytometry on histological sections","volume":"9","author":"Gschwendtner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anal Cell Pathol J Eur Soc Anal Cell Pathol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202526","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T09:00:28Z","timestamp":1758790828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202526","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]]}}}