{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:52:12Z","timestamp":1790657532933,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Serum free light chain measurements are used to follow-up and manage patients with monoclonal gammopathies, and abnormal ratios are associated with risk of progression in certain diseases. B cell dysfunction is well described in HIV and patients are at risk of developing B cell lymphomas. This study investigated whether HIV is associated with abnormal free light chain levels and the impact of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on these.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u03ba And \u03bb free light chain concentrations and ratios, serum albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were measured in 366 HIV positive subjects and correlated with CD4+ counts, viral loads, IgG, albumin and ART use.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>66% were women and most were black Africans (66%), 26% were of mixed ethnicity and 8% were Caucasian or of unknown or other race. 89% were on ART. \u03ba Free light chain values ranged from 5.59 to 357.0\u2005mg\/L (median 19.6\u2005mg\/L) and \u03bb free light chain values ranged from 9.28 to 286\u2005mg\/L (median 22.3\u2005mg\/L). Both correlated positively with viral load and IgG and negatively with CD4+ counts and albumin concentrations. The ratio only correlated with IgG concentrations. Patients on ART had significantly lower free light chain concentrations, but the ratio was not significantly affected.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study demonstrated that free light chain concentrations were significantly correlated with markers of HIV disease severity, suggesting ongoing B cell dysfunction despite ART use. Free light chain ratio was not significantly affected.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T00:32:43Z","timestamp":1417480363000},"page":"148-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Serum free light chains in patients with HIV infection: their association with markers of disease severity and antiretroviral use"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Annalise E","family":"Zemlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley","family":"Ipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, 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