{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T21:25:35Z","timestamp":1785533135787,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome (CS) and identification of the aetiology of hypercortisolism can be challenging. The Endocrine Society clinical practice guidelines recommends one of the four tests for initial screening of CS, namely, urinary-free cortisol, late night salivary cortisol, overnight dexamethasone suppression test or a longer low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, for 48\u2005hours. Confirmation and localisation of CS requires additional biochemical and radiological tests. Radiological evaluation involves different imaging modalities including MRI with or without different radio-nuclear imaging techniques. Invasive testing such as bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling may be necessary in some patients for accurate localisation of the cause for hypercortisolism. This best practice review discusses a practical approach for the diagnostic evaluation of CS with a brief discussion on differential diagnoses, and cyclical CS, to enhance the skills of clinicians and laboratory personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2016-203933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T21:45:27Z","timestamp":1483998327000},"page":"350-359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Cushing's syndrome: a practical approach to diagnosis and differential diagnoses"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph M","family":"Pappachan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, New Cross Hospital, The Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hariman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, New Cross Hospital, The Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamood","family":"Edavalath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Waldron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahmy W","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust & North Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61375-1"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0354"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0464"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2011.10.013"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1942"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04033.x"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2925"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0702"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0272"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2722"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.4158\/EP15914.OR","article-title":"Identification of potential markers for Cushing disease","volume":"22","author":"Broder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.01.013"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0125"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0139"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2507","article-title":"Screening tests for Cushing's syndrome: urinary free cortisol role measured by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"100","author":"Ceccato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0730-5"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.029934"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.83.2.682"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12259"},{"key":"2025120520060950000_70.4.350.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guarnotta V , Amato MC , Pivonello R , et al . 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