{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:48:27Z","timestamp":1780454907776,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Detection of\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using lateral flow immunochromatography tests (ICTs) is an effective, rapid and low-cost method to diagnose pneumococcal meningitis. This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the Uni-Gold ICT to detect pneumococcal antigen in CSF specimens, compared with gold standard bacteriology and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) testing. CSF specimens (n=69) from patients with suspected bacterial meningitis were included in the study. 13\/69 (19%) were positive and 56\/69 (81%) were negative for pneumococcus by the gold standard tests. The ICT had sensitivity of 85% (55%\u201398%), specificity of 96% (88%\u2013100%), positive likelihood ratio of 23.7 (6\u201394) and negative likelihood ratio of 0.16 (0.04\u20130.57). Overall, a strong correlation between the ICT and qPCR results was seen (\u03ba=0.81). In contrast, CSF microscopy and culture were exceptionally insensitive. The ICT method is sufficiently robust and accurate for use in algorithms to diagnose bacterial meningitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2016-204104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]],"date-time":"2016-11-18T22:40:26Z","timestamp":1479508826000},"page":"448-450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluation of a rapid antigen test for detection of\n                    <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    in cerebrospinal fluid"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Angel","family":"Boulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"McKenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.1","first-page":"470","article-title":"Severe pneumococcal pneumonia: new strategies for management","volume":"12","author":"Chiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15021-0"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04658-4"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(02)00548-5"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.01.007"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/596481"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000190030.75892.78"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-004-0351-1"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.023150-0"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000877","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of Streptococcus pneumoniae polymerase chain reaction in children with suspected septicemia","volume":"34","author":"Bourke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.10.3446-3451.2001"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2015.12.004","article-title":"A novel method for rapid detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae antigens in blood","volume":"22","author":"Fukushima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","article-title":"Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic","volume":"22","author":"McHugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.14","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal septicaemia in under 16s: recognition, diagnosis and management [CG102]. NICE, 2010 (updated 2015). https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg102\/chapter\/1-guidance ."},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.15","unstructured":"O'Neill J . Rapid Diagnostics: Stopping unnecessary use of antibiotics. The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2015. http:\/\/amr-review.org\/Publications (accessed 26 Aug 2016)."},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.10.008"},{"key":"2025120617572359000_70.5.448.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70038-1","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of loop-mediated isothermal amplification as a near-patient test for meningococcal disease in children: an observational cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Bourke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2016-204104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T01:57:36Z","timestamp":1765072656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2016-204104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jclinpath-2016-204104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2016-204104","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]]}}}