{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:49:51Z","timestamp":1763750991945,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01-0393\/08\/267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-0393\/08\/267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart transplantation allows for a long-term management of patients with end-stage heart failure. After the surgery, organ rejection is monitored with endomyocardial biopsy, which is an invasive, but not always informative procedure. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a new, safe, yet reliable, diagnostic method. Here, we present a pilot study confronting liquid biopsy based on donor-specific cell-free DNA with the protocol endomyocardial biopsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was performed on 21 blood samples matched with endomyocardial biopsy (graded according to acute cellular rejection scale) from nine patients after heart transplantation. Genotyping was performed on genomic DNA from donors and recipients for 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Cell-free DNA isolated from plasma was analysed with digital droplet PCR to detect donor-specific alleles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 21 analysed endomyocardial biopsies, 4 were graded as 0R and 17 as 1R. Liquid biopsy was successfully performed in each sample for all informative SNPs (median of 3 per patient). We observed a high homogeneity of the results between SNPs in each sample (interclass correlation coefficient of &gt;0.9).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a undeniable need for an alternative, non-invasive diagnostic procedure of early transplant rejection and investigation of donor-derived cell-free DNA seems to be the promising choice. The very high sensitivity is particularly enticing to consider liquid biopsy as a potential screening tool. Its minimal invasiveness may allow for more frequent examination and, thus, tighter monitoring. The reliable assessment of its clinical utility requires an adequately powered and properly designed multicentre study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-205926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T17:15:30Z","timestamp":1575566130000},"page":"507-510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Liquid biopsy for minimally invasive heart transplant monitoring: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9291-3928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Bie\u0144kowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"P\u0119ksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Pop\u0119da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Ko\u0142aczkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac & Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Frankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna J","family":"\u017baczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Grucha\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Biernat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Siondalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac & Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2018.07.022"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2010.05.034"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2005.03.019"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.4","first-page":"63","article-title":"Complications of endomyocardial biopsy in heart transplant patients","volume":"12","author":"Baraldi-Junkins","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90138-Y"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318168d571"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0912965"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.8","unstructured":"R Core Team . R: a language and environment for statistical computing (R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, 2015, 2015. Available: http:\/\/ www. R-project. org"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham H . ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer Science & Business Media 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2011.00125.x"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007803","article-title":"Circulating cell-free DNA enables noninvasive diagnosis of heart transplant rejection","volume":"6","author":"De Vlaminck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2017.07.012","article-title":"Serum exosomal protein profiling for the non-invasive detection of cardiac allograft rejection","volume":"37","author":"Kennel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.210328"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2017.03.002","article-title":"Rapid detection of donor cell free DNA in lung transplant recipients with rejections using donor-recipient HLA mismatch","volume":"78","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000000902","article-title":"The measurement of donor-specific cell-free DNA identifies recipients with biopsy-proven acute rejection requiring treatment after liver transplantation","volume":"5","author":"Goh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplant Direct"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15142","article-title":"Diagnostic application of kidney allograft\u2010derived absolute cell\u2010free DNA levels during transplant dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Whitlam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15416","article-title":"Absolute quantification of donor\u2010derived cell\u2010free DNA as a marker of rejection and graft injury in kidney transplantation: results from a prospective observational study","volume":"19","author":"Oellerich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3066"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2006.003"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178216","article-title":"Repeated bouts of exhaustive exercise increase circulating cell free nuclear and mitochondrial DNA without development of tolerance in healthy men","volume":"12","author":"Stawski","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025112110424203000_73.8.507.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000549","article-title":"Liquid biopsies to monitor solid organ transplant function: a review of new biomarkers","volume":"40","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-205926","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:42:49Z","timestamp":1763750569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-205926"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-205926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-205926","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-9746"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-4146"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]}}}