{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:57:22Z","timestamp":1793059042996,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis (CNGM) is a rare subtype of granulomatous mastitis with a highly distinct histological pattern often associated with\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. CNGM is characterised by suppurative lipogranulomas that are composed of central lipid vacuoles rimmed by neutrophils and an outer cuff of epithelioid histiocytes. Some of the lipid vacuoles may contain sparse, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacilli that can be easily missed or dismissed. The surrounding mixed inflammatory infiltrate contains Langhans-type giant cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils. CNGM occurs in reproductive age women with a history of pregnancy and typically presents as a palpable mass that can be painful. CNGM has many mimickers, most significantly breast carcinoma. In many cases, CNGM has significant pathological and clinical overlap with other forms of granulomatous mastitis. Given the association with\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, early diagnosis of CNGM is essential in offering patients the most appropriate treatment. Prolonged antibiotic therapy specifically directed to corynebacteria is required, sometimes even beyond resolution of clinical symptoms. This comprehensive review of the existing literature on CNGM describes clinical\u2013pathological features, microbiological findings, challenges associated with the microscopic differential diagnosis, clinical implications of this diagnosis and emerging treatment options. Morphological criteria and suggested comments to convey the degree of diagnostic certainty are also proposed for standard pathology reporting.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-206180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T17:19:57Z","timestamp":1582564797000},"page":"445-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis: an update"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Jessie M","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6125-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulisa","family":"Turashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/344463"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0031302031000082197"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP1W9JBRYOQSNZ"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000479"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqw046"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2017.01.006","article-title":"Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis associated with Corynebacterium including Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii","volume":"49","author":"Johnstone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.13160","article-title":"Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis: the Cleveland clinic experience with diagnosis and management","volume":"25","author":"Gautham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2018.08.005","article-title":"Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis: a clinicopathologic study of a distinct entity with supporting evidence of a role for Corynebacterium-targeted therapy","volume":"37","author":"Shoyele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.1801","article-title":"Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis with Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus mimicking breast carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu378"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangoi AR . \u201cThick Section\u201d Gram Stain Yields Improved Detection of Organisms in Tissue Sections of Cystic Neutrophilic Granulomatous Mastitis. Am J Clin Pathol 2019;136.doi:10.1093\/ajcp\/aqz200","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqz200"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1159\/000448800","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: cytologic and histologic study of 65 Egyptian patients","volume":"60","author":"Helal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896918815580","article-title":"Coryneform bacteria in granulomatous lobular mastitis: morphological diagnosis in breast biopsies","volume":"27","author":"Odd\u00f3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.14","unstructured":"Boarki K , Labib M . Imaging findings in idiopathic lobular granulomattous mastitis, case report and review of literature. Gulf J Oncolog 2010:46\u201352."},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05168.x"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik MA , Korlimarla A , Shetty ST , et al . Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis: a clinicopathological study with 16S rRNA sequencing for the detection of corynebacteria in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Int J Surg Pathol 2019:1066896919896021. doi:10.1177\/1066896919896021","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896919896021"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.17","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis presenting as a breast pseudotumor: case reports with review of the literature","volume":"2018","author":"Halim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1159\/000487935","article-title":"Granulomatous lobular mastitis: antituberculous treatment and outcome in 22 patients","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Care"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.11.010","article-title":"Chronic granulomatous mastitis: imaging, pathology and management","volume":"82","author":"Gautier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.33982","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis masquerading as a breast tumor: a case report","volume":"18","author":"Raman R","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.01.034","article-title":"Pathogens in patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.125"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00796-12"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.04.023"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-48-4-1449"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75126-5"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194365","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Corynebacterium spp. from bulk tank raw cow's milk of different dairy farms in Germany","volume":"13","author":"Hahne","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.1574-1580","article-title":"Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis mastitis in Egyptian dairy goats","volume":"11","author":"Nabih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.6.1219-1220.1984","article-title":"Recurrent breast abscesses caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum","volume":"20","author":"Berger","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03799.x"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-4399(91)90057-3","article-title":"Recognition of Corynebacterium group G-2 as a cause of infection","volume":"13","author":"Phillips","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Newsl"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00019048-200009040-00009","article-title":"C. amycolatum: a novel cause of breast abscess","volume":"9","author":"Kumari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12683","article-title":"Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii in granulomatous mastitis: Analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens by immunostaining using low-specificity bacterial antisera and real-time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"68","author":"Fujii","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00791","article-title":"Maldi-Tof mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis","volume":"6","author":"Singhal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2015.07.007","article-title":"Identification of clinically relevant Corynebacterium strains by API Coryne, MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry and molecular approaches","volume":"63","author":"Alibi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol Biol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.09.69","article-title":"Matrix-Assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a powerful tool for identification of Corynebacterium species","volume":"9","author":"Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1676-1678.2000"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.4.1934-1936.2005"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.10.015"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01393-16"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12883"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03131-15"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01045-12"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqv006"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/88.6.718"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00737147"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(87)80255-1","article-title":"Medullary carcinoma of the breast with granulomatous stroma","volume":"18","author":"Daroca","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1992.tb00953.x"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.023259"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5152\/ejbh.2017.3804","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis concurrence with breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"\u00c7al\u0131\u015f","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Breast Health"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.51","first-page":"82","article-title":"Breast carcinoma occurring from chronic granulomatous mastitis","volume":"19","author":"Mazlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malays J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.52","first-page":"343","article-title":"Invasive breast carcinoma with granulomatous stromal response","volume":"119","author":"Alujevi\u0107","year":"1997","journal-title":"Zentralbl Gynakol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.10.885"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.54","first-page":"136","article-title":"Breast infection: a review of diagnosis and management practices","volume":"14","author":"Boakes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Breast Health"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00299163"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/110241500750008420"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2016.11.023","article-title":"Imaging features and diagnosis of tuberculosis of the breast","volume":"72","author":"Longman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2011.089565"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4103\/JLP.JLP_26_17","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges of tubercular lesions of breast","volume":"10","author":"Jairajpuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00987.x"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00164-1"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.62","article-title":"Cat scratch disease presenting as breast cancer: a report of an unusual case","volume":"2013","author":"Iannace","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol Med"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v4.i12.409","article-title":"Granulomatous lobular mastitis secondary to Mycobacterium fortuitum","volume":"4","author":"Kamyab","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X10380543"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.65","article-title":"Granulomatous lobular mastitis associated with Mycobacterium abscessus in South China: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"2017","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000301599","article-title":"Primary actinomycosis of the breast presenting as a breast mass","volume":"5","author":"Salmasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Care"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.121","article-title":"Breast brucellosis in Taif, Saudi Arabia: cluster of six cases with emphasis on fna evaluation","volume":"3","author":"Nemenqani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1975.01360120069013"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcpc1609109","article-title":"Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 29-2016. A 53-year-old woman with pain and a mass in the breast","volume":"375","author":"Johnston","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1159\/000332717","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis caused by sparganum. A case report","volume":"41","author":"Moreira","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-010-0942-1"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2005.02.009","article-title":"Fasciolosis (liver fluke) of the breast in a male patient: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Naresh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-221536","article-title":"Filarial breast lump","volume":"5","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4741.2002.08409.x"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2015.06.11","article-title":"A review of inflammatory processes of the breast with a focus on diagnosis in core biopsy samples","volume":"49","author":"D'Alfonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pathol Transl Med"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.10551"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1075-122X.2005.21524.x"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2010.04.007"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2007.07.041"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2018.05.004","article-title":"Breast involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"86","author":"Lluch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2009.04.005"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1991.tb00016.x","article-title":"Rheumatoid nodule in the breast","volume":"19","author":"Cooper","year":"1991","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-208586"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.84","first-page":"778","article-title":"Sarcoidosis of the breast: case report and chart review","volume":"61","author":"Donaldson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480006601210","article-title":"Sarcoidosis of the breast: implications for the general surgeon","volume":"66","author":"Ojeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.86","first-page":"47","article-title":"Sarcoidosis of the breast: a rare case report and a review","volume":"10","author":"Fiorucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/58.6.642"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2018170095","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: manifestations at multimodality imaging and pitfalls","volume":"38","author":"Pluguez-Turull","year":"2018","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181998cbe"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2010.03581.x"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.12628","article-title":"Chronic mastitis in Egypt and Morocco: differentiating between idiopathic granulomatous mastitis and IgG4-related disease","volume":"22","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2016.1138221","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: Long-discussed but yet-to-be-known","volume":"49","author":"Sheybani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00760-15"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.13338","article-title":"Granulomatous lobular mastitis\u2013Another paradigm shift in treatment","volume":"25","author":"Brownson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.09.006","article-title":"Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of one antibiotic-sensitive and one multidrug-resistant","volume":"14","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Natal","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000541","article-title":"Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii: a challenging culprit in breast abscesses and granulomatous mastitis","volume":"31","author":"Saraiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198010023031406","article-title":"Prednisone management of granulomatous mastitis","volume":"303","author":"DeHertogh","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.12263"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-014-0966-5","article-title":"Corticosteroid treatment in the management of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis to avoid unnecessary surgery","volume":"45","author":"Mizrakli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.12335","article-title":"Effect of topical steroid treatment on idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: clinical and radiologic evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Gunduz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-015-3147-9","article-title":"Topical steroids are effective in the treatment of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis","volume":"39","author":"Altintoprak","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-011-0046-z"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.103","first-page":"822","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. A report of three cases and review of the literature","volume":"118","author":"Donn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4741.2006.00348.x"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-1109-y"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12604","article-title":"Case of erythema nodosum associated with granulomatous mastitis probably due to Corynebacterium infection","volume":"41","author":"Hida","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e391","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14194","article-title":"Erythema nodosum in association with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: a case series and review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Fruchter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.7846","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis complicated by arthralgia and erythema nodosum successfully treated with prednisolone and methotrexate","volume":"51","author":"Nakamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postolova A , Troxell ML , Wapnir IL , et al . Methotrexate in the treatment of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. J Rheumatol 2019. doi:doi:10.3899\/jrheum.181205. [Epub ahead of print: 15 Jun 2019].","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.181205"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5070\/D3237035736","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil as a successful therapy for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis","volume":"23","author":"Di Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2011.07.011"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2018.1424270","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of 75 patients with idiopathic lobular granulomatous mastitis","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Invest Surg"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2017.0030","article-title":"Treatments for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0412-0","article-title":"Is surgical excision necessary for the treatment of granulomatous lobular mastitis?","volume":"17","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2019.06.030","article-title":"Re-evaluating if observation continues to be the best management of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis","volume":"166","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.116","first-page":"2194","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis","volume":"71","author":"Miller","year":"1971","journal-title":"N Y State J Med"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-018-4870-3","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis: etiology, imaging, pathology, treatment, and clinical findings","volume":"171","author":"Barreto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.40.5.535"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.119","first-page":"17","article-title":"Granulomatous lobular mastitis","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chronic Dis Transl Med"},{"key":"2025120600312159000_73.8.445.120","first-page":"222","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Report of a case clinically and mammographically simulating breast carcinoma","volume":"86","author":"De Sanctis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pathologica"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-206180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T08:31:35Z","timestamp":1765009895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-206180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-206180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-206180","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]}}}