{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T16:01:43Z","timestamp":1792857703806,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A growing body of evidence suggests that ethnicity and race influence vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      metabolism and status yet clinical awareness of this is poor, causing doubts regarding diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, deficiency and insufficiency cut-offs are universally applied for this test in most diagnostic settings. The objective of this study was to assess serum vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations in Black, Asian and White primary care patients in London, UK, particularly in patients of Black or Black British ethnic origin and establish if there is a need for specific reference ranges.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      results from 49\u2009414 patients were processed between January 2018 and November 2019 using the Architect assay (Abbott Diagnostics) at St. Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK. Age, sex and ethnicity data were collected from the laboratory Health Informatics Team.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Black patients (n=13\u2009806) were found to have significantly higher serum vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentration across all age groups and both sexes, especially Nigerian patients (median B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      505\u2009pmol\/L,IQR: 362\u2013727, n=891), compared with Asian and White ethnic groups (p&lt;0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the Black or Black British ethnic group had the strongest association with elevated serum B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      (&gt;652\u2009pmol\/L) (adjusted OR 3.38, 95% CI 3.17 to 3.61, p&lt;0.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      It is likely that a combination of genetic and acquired\/environmental factors are responsible for the ethnic differences in serum B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      . This suggests that there is a need for ethnic-specific reference ranges with indications for the incorporation of age and sex too.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2021-207519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T15:39:41Z","timestamp":1620229181000},"page":"598-604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ethnicity influences total serum vitamin B\n                    <sub>12<\/sub>\n                    concentration: a study of Black, Asian and White patients in a primary care setting"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1216-9703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"O'Logbon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GKT School of Medicine, King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, 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