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In pathological conditions, the BM provides a physical barrier that separates proliferating intraductal epithelial cells from the surrounding stroma, and its absence or breach in malignant lesions is a hallmark of invasion and metastases. Currently, diagnostic services often use special stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify the BM in order to distinguish in situ from invasive lesions. However, distinguishing BM on stained sections, and differentiating the native BM from the reactive capsule or BM-like material surrounding some invasive malignant breast tumours is challenging. Although diagnostic use of the BM is being replaced by myoepithelial cell IHC markers, BM is considered by many to be a useful marker to distinguish in situ from invasive lesions in ambiguous cases. In this review, the structure, function and biological and clinical significance of the BM are discussed in relation to the various breast lesions with emphasis on how to distinguish the native BM from alternative pathological tissue mimicking its histology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp-2022-208584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T17:20:12Z","timestamp":1666027212000},"page":"11-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Defining invasion in breast cancer: the role of basement membrane"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4171-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzan F","family":"Ghannam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catrin Sian","family":"Rutland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Allegrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel P","family":"Mongan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad","family":"Rakha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1286"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/01913120252959245","article-title":"Ultrastructural localization of laminin and type IV collagen in normal human breast","volume":"26","author":"Fu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrastruct Pathol"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1094"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.42.5.449"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81009-0"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1368"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13446","article-title":"Invasion in breast lesions: the role of the epithelial-stroma barrier","volume":"72","author":"Rakha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.023820"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(02)00210-1"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.904526","article-title":"Prognostic value of stromal type IV collagen expression in small invasive breast cancers","volume":"9","author":"Jansson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP8A2UVLCYGTPU"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.12","first-page":"318","article-title":"Immunohistochemical profile and differential diagnosis of microglandular adenosis","volume":"6","author":"Tavassoli","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj441"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10409239209082560"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23567","article-title":"Basement membrane type IV collagen and laminin: an overview of their biology and value as fibrosis biomarkers of liver disease","volume":"300","author":"Mak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.16","first-page":"1239","article-title":"The ultrastructural composition of basement membranes in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Miosge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070280106"},{"key":"2023121908300931000_76.1.11.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.241794","article-title":"Atypical basement membranes and basement membrane diversity - 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