{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:57:28Z","timestamp":1791230248854,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":234,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The congenital neutropenia syndromes are rare haematological conditions defined by impaired myeloid precursor differentiation or function. Patients are prone to severe infections with high mortality rates in early life. While some patients benefit from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment, they may still face an increased risk of bone marrow failure, myelodysplastic syndrome and acute leukaemia. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for improved outcomes; however, diagnosis depends on familiarity with a heterogeneous group of rare disorders that remain incompletely characterised. The clinical and pathological overlap between reactive conditions, primary and congenital neutropenias, bone marrow failure, and myelodysplastic syndromes further clouds diagnostic clarity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We review the diagnostically useful clinicopathological and morphological features of reactive causes of neutropenia and the most common primary neutropenia disorders: constitutional\/benign ethnic neutropenia, chronic idiopathic neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia, severe congenital neutropenia (due to mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>ELANE<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>GFI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>HAX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>G6PC3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>VPS45<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>JAGN1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CSF3R<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>SRP54<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CLPB<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>WAS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), GATA2 deficiency, Warts, hypogammaglobulinaemia, infections and myelokathexis syndrome, Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome, the lysosomal storage disorders with neutropenia: Chediak-Higashi, Hermansky-Pudlak, and Griscelli syndromes, Cohen, and Barth syndromes. We also detail characteristic cytogenetic and molecular factors at diagnosis and in progression to myelodysplastic syndrome\/leukaemia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp-2022-208686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T13:20:37Z","timestamp":1712582437000},"page":"586-604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Discerning clinicopathological features of congenital neutropenia syndromes: an approach to diagnostically challenging differential diagnoses"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Xenia","family":"Parisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2387-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob R","family":"Bledsoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112108142298000_77.9.586.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08216.x","article-title":"Stable long-term risk of leukaemia in patients with severe congenital neutropenia maintained on G-CSF therapy","volume":"150","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025112108142298000_77.9.586.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-4370"},{"key":"2025112108142298000_77.9.586.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V36.5.576.576","article-title":"Congenital agranulocytosis: prolonged survival and terminal acute leukemia","volume":"36","author":"Gilman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025112108142298000_77.9.586.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.3.829"},{"key":"2025112108142298000_77.9.586.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403663","article-title":"An acquired G-CSF receptor mutation results in increased proliferation of CMML cells from a patient with severe congenital neutropenia","volume":"19","author":"Germeshausen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025112108142298000_77.9.586.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-007-0337-z"},{"key":"2025112108142298000_77.9.586.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2012.02.003","article-title":"Why is my patient neutropenic","volume":"26","author":"Reagan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025112108142298000_77.9.586.8","unstructured":"Orkin SH , Nathan DG , Ginsburg D , et al . Nathan and Oski\u2019s Hematology of Infancy and Childhood: Expert Consult: Online and Print 7th. 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