{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:40:39Z","timestamp":1790192439038,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Proteinuria is a common manifestation of renal disease which is a significant cause of morbidity in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To evaluate and compare cystatin C, \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-microglobulin, and creatinine as markers of renal disease in relation to the degree of proteinuria and other complications of SCD.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> 24 h urine collections were used for estimation of urine protein and creatinine clearance in 59 patients with SCD. Results were correlated with plasma cystatin C, \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-microglobulin, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR; derived from plasma creatinine by Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD formulae, and calculated cystatin C clearance), and clinical and haematological variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Comparing the different methods of GFR, the proportion of patients with hyperfiltration (GFR &gt;140 ml\/min) were 30.5% (MDRD), 44.1% (Cockcroft-Gault), and 10.2 % (calculated cystatin C clearance). Cystatin C was the most consistent marker of hyperfiltration. The endogenous markers of GFR showed an increasing trend with increasing proteinuria, but haematological variables were not correlated with cystatin C, \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-microglobulin, or plasma creatinine. Urine protein excretion was correlated with age (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a0.33) and significant proteinuria was present in 13.6% of patients. Patients with proteinuria had lower haemoglobin concentration (p\u200a=\u200a0.027) than those without proteinuria but HbF was not related to the degree of proteinuria or to markers of GFR.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Markers of GFR show variable ability to identify hyperfiltration in patients with SCD, but cystatin C is the best endogenous marker. Proteinuria is associated with age, haemoglobin, and abnormalities of GFR. Routine screening is recommended to allow for early detection and intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.026799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,27]],"date-time":"2006-03-27T14:28:47Z","timestamp":1143469727000},"page":"345-351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Comparison of renal function markers in Kuwaiti patients with sickle cell disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Marouf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Mojiminiyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Abdella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Kortom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Al Wazzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V101187","volume":"10","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.2","first-page":"1","volume":"57","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(200004)63:4<205::AID-AJH8>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.43.5.370"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1159\/000182331","volume":"29","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80081-3"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.1997.tb00776.x","volume":"11","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.8","first-page":"499","volume":"25","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329102800517","volume":"28","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.10","first-page":"S20","volume":"38","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.11","first-page":"499","volume":"40","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2680287"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/40.10.1921","volume":"40","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.40"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519609088795"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.6.1077","volume":"43","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000180580"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.11.2004"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8727(02)00177-0"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0004563021902017"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1998001000004"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000088721.98173.4B"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1970.tb01645.x","volume":"19","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0004563053026899"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.10.1933","volume":"38","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2025092503460054000_59.4.345.28","unstructured":"K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. 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