{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:09:08Z","timestamp":1789002548274,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To screen infant urine for staphylococcal pyrogenic toxins as a possible marker for a toxigenic, transient bacteraemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasopharyngeal swabs, skin swabs, stool and urine samples were collected from 30 infants at 2 weeks, 10 weeks and 7 months of age when the infants were healthy, and from infants of 7 months of age when they had a cold. Samples were cultured and<jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>isolates identified. Isolates were tested for the production of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1). Urine samples were analysed for the presence of these toxins by ELISA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasopharyngeal carriage of<jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic>decreased with age from 50% at 2 weeks of age to 13% in healthy infants at 7 months of age. Carriage was increased in infants over 7 months of age with a cold (36%). Stool carriage remained constant (37\u201340%) in healthy infants but increased significantly in infants over 7 months of age with a cold (82%). 13.9% of the isolates produced SEB, 16.7% produced SEC and 18% produced TSST-1. Some isolates produced more than one toxin. 43% of infants were colonised at some time with a toxigenic<jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic>strain.<jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic>toxins were detected in 9\/101 urine samples. The proportion of positive samples was increased with infection and at 10 weeks of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infants are exposed early in life to<jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic>pyrogenic toxins, which can be detected in infant urine samples. Age and infection affect the proportion of positive samples. The pattern of results can be explained by episodes of transient bacteraemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.057232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,23]],"date-time":"2009-05-23T00:16:17Z","timestamp":1243037777000},"page":"735-738","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Staphylococcal pyrogenic toxins in infant urine samples: a possible marker of transient bacteraemia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"L M","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J A","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R M","family":"Lauder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D R","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01326.x"},{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01323.x"},{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7382.222"},{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(97)00067-4"},{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.02.039"},{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.42.9.935"},{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408419009105728"},{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.5205-5209.2000"},{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01333.x"},{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00463.x"},{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.11.4567-4573.1996","article-title":"Rapid clearance of the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in vivo.","volume":"64","author":"Vabulas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2024053013571150000_62.8.735.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01332.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.2008.057232","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:39:32Z","timestamp":1717115972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.2008.057232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.2008.057232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.2008.057232","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]]}}}