{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:20:26Z","timestamp":1758846026692,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Enteric fever due to <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> is a major health problem, and fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are mostly the antibiotic of choice for treatment. Resistance to ciprofloxacin has been noticed to increase due to the emergence of new mutations in the bacterial DNA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To explore the fluoroquinolone resistance and molecular characterisation of reduced quinolone susceptibility in <jats:italic>S typhi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S paratyphi<\/jats:italic> A in Kuwait.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>136 clinical isolates of <jats:italic>S typhi<\/jats:italic> and 40 of <jats:italic>S paratyphi<\/jats:italic> A were collected over five years. The antimicrobial susceptibility was studied by various methods. DNA sequencing of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes was performed in 31 isolates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There was a substantial difference in MIC range between the two serotypes, with the most common MIC for <jats:italic>S typhi<\/jats:italic> being 0.25 mg\/l and for <jats:italic>S paratyphi<\/jats:italic> A being 1 mg\/l. The proportion of nalidixic acid resistant strains increased gradually over the years. These strains had a significantly higher range of MIC of ciprofloxacin (0.023 mg\/l to 1.0 mg\/l) compared to the nalidixic acid sensitive strains (0.0016 mg\/l to 0.125 mg\/l). DNA sequencing of gyrA gene showed the presence of three different point mutations: Ser83\u2192Phe in 17 strains, Ser83\u2192Leu in 3 strains and Asp87\u2192Asn in 6 strains. No mutations in the other genes were found.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is very important to keep searching for new mutations and continuously monitor drug resistance in different parts of the world in order to efficiently manage cases with enteric fever.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2009.070664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,4]],"date-time":"2009-11-04T20:13:04Z","timestamp":1257365584000},"page":"83-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Detection of mutations in the <i>gyr<\/i>A gene in fluoroquinolone resistance <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i> serotypes <i>typhi<\/i> and <i>paratyphi<\/i> A isolated from the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"T","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A A","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Albaksami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M M","family":"Jadaon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092509070352000_63.1.83.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0503.990329"},{"key":"2025092509070352000_63.1.83.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46814-0"},{"key":"2025092509070352000_63.1.83.3","first-page":"179","article-title":"Salmonella typhi with transferable chloramphenicol resistance isolated in Chandigarh during 1983\u20131987.","volume":"38","author":"Kapil","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092509070352000_63.1.83.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90635-I"},{"key":"2025092509070352000_63.1.83.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00304.x","article-title":"Typhoid fever due to a Salmonella typhi strain of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.","volume":"3","author":"Launay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2025092509070352000_63.1.83.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480120052032"},{"key":"2025092509070352000_63.1.83.7","first-page":"246","article-title":"Reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and gyrA mutation in North Indian strain of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi and serotype paratyphi A.","volume":"2","author":"Renuka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microb Drug Res"},{"key":"2025092509070352000_63.1.83.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renuka K Sood S Das BK . 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