{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:59:47Z","timestamp":1773284387167,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"\n Aim<\/jats:title>\n \n This was an in vitro study to analyse the susceptibility of\n Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>\n isolates to rifampin and rifaximin.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Stool samples from patients who had nosocomial diarrhoea and\n C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n toxin B at a university hospital between August 2006 and December 2007 were cultured for\n C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n . Susceptibility of\n C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n isolates to rifaximin and rifampin was determined by agar dilution and E strips, respectively.\n C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n isolates were analysed via PCR for genes encoding toxins A and B, for binary toxin (BT), and for partial deletions of the\n tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n gene (\n tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n -del).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Rifaximin exhibited high-level activity against 359\n C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, with MIC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n <0.01\u2005\u03bcg\/ml and MIC\n 90<\/jats:sub>\n 0.25\u2005\u03bcg\/ml; rifampin had MIC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n <0.002\u2005\u03bcg\/ml and MIC\n 90<\/jats:sub>\n 4\u2005\u03bcg\/ml. Among isolates analysed, 55 (15%) were positive for BT and\n tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n -del. 28 (8% of 359) isolates were resistant to rifampin (\u226532\u2005\u03bcg\/ml), of which 6 (2% of 359) were resistant to rifaximin and rifampin with MIC values \u226532\u2005\u03bcg\/ml. 2 of the 28 isolates resistant to rifampin were A\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/B\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/BT\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/\n tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n -del\n +<\/jats:sup>\n , 5 were A\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/B\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/BT\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n \/\n tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n -del\n +<\/jats:sup>\n , 4 were A\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/B\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/BT\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/\n tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n -del\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n , 13 were A\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/B\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/BT\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n \/\n tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n -del\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n , and 4 had no detectable toxin genes. Of the 11 isolates resistant to rifaximin alone, 1 was A\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/B\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/BT\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n \/\n tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n -del\n +<\/jats:sup>\n , 2 were A\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/B\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/BT\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/\n tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n -del\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n , 6 were A\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/B\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/BT\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n \/\n tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n -del\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n , and 2 had no detectable toxin genes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The study demonstrates that rifaximin has high-level activity against\n C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n in vitro. Determination of resistance to rifampin by E strip did not predict rifaximin resistance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2009.071688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]],"date-time":"2010-03-30T15:43:17Z","timestamp":1269963797000},"page":"355-358","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["In vitro susceptibility of\n Clostridium difficile<\/i>\n to rifaximin and rifampin in 359 consecutive isolates at a university hospital in Houston, Texas"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Z-D","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H L","family":"DuPont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"La Rocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K W","family":"Garey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.06.004"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502539"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1041104"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.12.06.00714-en","article-title":"Update of Clostridium difficile-associated disease due to PCR ribotype 027 in Europe","volume":"12","author":"Kuijper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01580.x"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051639"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051590"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427113"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67420-X"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511794"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430311"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00541.x","article-title":"Clostridium difficile colitis: factors influencing treatment failure and relapse\u2014a prospective evaluation","volume":"93","author":"Nair","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430315"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01539.x"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.6.1647-1650.2002"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.16","first-page":"149","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Clostridium difficile isolates","volume":"65","author":"Dworczynski","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cytobios"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000007297"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000081990"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03861.x","article-title":"Rifampin, a useful drug for nonmycobacterial infections","volume":"18","author":"Vesely","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000089776"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01623-06"},{"key":"2025121401341286000_63.4.355.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang Z-D DuPont HL La Rocco M . 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