{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T16:51:24Z","timestamp":1794329484176,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall aim of the new national newborn programme is to identify infants at risk of sickle cell disease to allow early detection and to minimise deaths and complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Universal screening for sickle cell disease was introduced in England between September 2003 and July 2006. The 13 newborn laboratories each screen between 25\u2009000 and 110\u2009000 babies a year using the existing dried bloodspot cards. The specified conditions to be screened for include sickle cell anaemia (Hb\u2005SS), Hb SC disease, Hb S\/\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      thalassaemia, Hb S\/D\n                      <jats:sup>Punjab<\/jats:sup>\n                      and Hb S\/O\n                      <jats:sup>Arab<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Data are reported on screening results by ethnic group and geographical area.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of screen positive results across England is 1:2000. There is a 25-fold variation by geographical area. African babies make up 61% of all screen positive results despite representing only 4% of total births. Combined carrier rates vary widely by ethnicity, from 1.85 per 1000 (1:540) in \u2018White British\u2019 to 145 per 1000 (1:7) in \u2018African\u2019 babies. Refusal rates for screening show variation by ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results provide useful information both about the frequency of these conditions and the carrier state and their geographic and ethnic distribution across England. This can be used to refine counselling information and are also useful to target and plan services and public information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.077560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]],"date-time":"2010-06-30T05:46:07Z","timestamp":1277876767000},"page":"626-629","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Positive screening and carrier results for the England-wide universal newborn sickle cell screening programme by ethnicity and area for 2005\u201307"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Allison","family":"Streetly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radoslav","family":"Latinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Henthorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.1","unstructured":"NHS Haemoglobinopathy Screening Programme. International workshop report on haemoglobinopathy screening to inform the screening developments in England, 2001. http:\/\/sct.screening.nhs.uk\/getdata.php?id=11009 (accessed Feb 2010)."},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.2","unstructured":"NHS Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia Screening Programme. Handbook for laboratories. London: NHS Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia Screening Programme, 2009. http:\/\/sct.screening.nhs.uk\/getdata.php?id=10756 (accessed Feb 2010)."},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.3","unstructured":"UK Newborn Screening Programme Centre. Bloodspot programme. http:\/\/newbornbloodspot.screening.nhs.uk (accessed Feb 2010)."},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jms.2008.007063"},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.058859"},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.6","unstructured":"NHS Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia Screening Programme. Standards for the linked Antenatal and Newborn Screening Programme, 2006. http:\/\/sct.screening.nhs.uk\/getdata.php?id=10628 (accessed Feb 2010)."},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.7","unstructured":"Human Genetics Commission. Making babies: reproductive decisions and genetic technologies. London: Human Genetics Commission, 2006. http:\/\/www.hgc.gov.uk\/UploadDocs\/DocPub\/Document\/Making%20Babies%20Report%20-%20final%20pdf.pdf (accessed Feb 2010)."},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.8","unstructured":"Lin K Barton M . Screening for Hemoglobinopathies in Newborns: Reaffirmation Update for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Evidence Synthesis No 52. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2007. AHRQ Publication No. 07-05104-EF-1. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bookshelf\/br.fcgi?book=hsevidsyn&part=A47310 (accessed Feb 2010)."},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.9","unstructured":"Carrier leaflets for HbS carriers. 2007. http:\/\/sct.screening.nhs.uk\/getdata.php?id=10642 and for carriers of other haemoglobins at http:\/\/sct.screening.nhs.uk\/getdata.php?id=10653 (accessed Feb 2010)."},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.08.018"},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta13570","article-title":"Communication of carrier status information following universal newborn screening for sickle cell disorders and cystic fibrosis: qualitative study of experience and practice","volume":"13","author":"Kai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.12","first-page":"890","article-title":"Sickle cell trait as a risk factor for sudden death in physical training","volume":"78","author":"Kark","year":"1987","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800934"},{"key":"2025120520381434000_63.7.626.14","unstructured":"Lucas S Mason DG Mason M . A Sickle crisis? A report of the National Confidential Enquiry into Patients Outcome and Death (2008). National Confidential Enquiry into patient outcome and death (NCEPOD), London, 2008. http:\/\/www.ncepod.org.uk\/2008report1\/Downloads\/Sickle_report.pdf (accessed Feb 2010)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.2010.077560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T04:38:23Z","timestamp":1764995903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.2010.077560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.2010.077560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.2010.077560","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]]}}}