{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T08:00:06Z","timestamp":1765699206841,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1971,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pseudomembranous trigonitis presents in females with the urethral syndrome and a characteristic lesion restricted to the trigone of the bladder. The histology shows `vaginal metaplasia' of the epithelium together with underlying oedema and vascular dilatation, but no significant inflammation. Thirty-one such cases are included in the study. The possible role of oestrogen stimulation is discussed, together with a suggestion that the trigone has an embryological derivation distinct from the remainder of the bladder, allowing the trigonal epithelium to respond to oestrogenic stimulation in a manner denied to the vesical transitional epithelium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.24.7.605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"605-608","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Histological findings in pseudomembranous trigonitis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Henry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1971,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1952.tb04685.x","article-title":"The development of the trigone of the bladder with a report of a case of ectopic ureter","volume":"24","author":"Brockis, J.G.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Brockis, J. G. (1952). The development of the trigone of the bladder with a report of a case of ectopic ureter. Brit. J. Urol., 24 192-200.","journal-title":"Brit. J. Urol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-47-13053P","article-title":"Origin and differentiation of epithelium of the urogenital sinus in the opossum","volume":"47","author":"Burns, Jr, R.K.","year":"1941","unstructured":"Burns, R. K.. Jr. (1941). Origin and differentiation of epithelium of the urogenital sinus in the opossum. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.), 47, 106-108.","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)69738-6","article-title":"Epithelium of vaginal type in the female trigone","volume":"57","author":"Cifuentes, L.","year":"1947","unstructured":"Cifuentes, L. (1947). Epithelium of vaginal type in the female trigone. J. Urol., 57, 1028-1037.","journal-title":"J. Urol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)64997-8","article-title":"Urethrotrigonitis or epidermidization of the trigone of the bladder","volume":"87","author":"Clarke, B.G.; Gherardi, G.J.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Clarke, B. G., and Gherardi, G. J. (1962). Urethrotrigonitis or epidermidization of the trigone of the bladder. J. Urol., 87, 545-548.","journal-title":"J. Urol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)64431-8","article-title":"The pathology of bladder neck obstruction in the female patient","volume":"90","author":"Corrin, B.; Mayor, D.; Moore, T.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Corrin, B., Mayor, D., and Moore, T. (1963). The pathology of bladder neck obstruction in the female patient. J. Urol., 90, 434-439.","journal-title":"J. Urol"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"156","article-title":"Pseudomembranous trigonitis with observations on bladder dysfunction in the female","volume":"40","author":"Fowler, H.A.","year":"1936","unstructured":"Fowler, H. A. (1936). Pseudomembranous trigonitis with observations on bladder dysfunction in the female. Urol. curan. Rev., 40, 156-163.","journal-title":"Urol. curan. Rev"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090810102","article-title":"Relation ofgrowing Miillerian ductto Wolffian duct and its importance for genesis of malformations","volume":"81","author":"Gruenwald, P.","year":"1941","unstructured":"Gruenwald,P. (1941). Relation ofgrowing Miillerian ductto Wolffian duct and its importance for genesis of malformations. Anat. Rec., 81, 1-19.","journal-title":"Anat. Rec"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"422","article-title":"Die cystitis trigoni der Frau","volume":"16","author":"Heymann, A.","year":"1905","unstructured":"Heymann, A. (1905). Die cystitis trigoni der Frau. Zbl. Krankh. Harn.-u. Se.xOrg., 16, 422-433.","journal-title":"Zbl. Krankh. Harn.-u. Se.xOrg"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(60)92298-4","article-title":"The female prostate: Bladder neck obstruction in women","volume":"1","author":"Moore, T.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Moore, T. (1960). The female prostate: Bladder neck obstruction in women. Lancet, 1, 1305-1309.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)67480-9","article-title":"Squamous epithelium in the trigone of the human female urinary bladder","volume":"73","author":"Ney, C.; Ehrlich, J.C.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Ney, C., and Ehrlich, J. C. (1955). Squamous epithelium in the trigone of the human female urinary bladder. J. Urol., 73, 809-819.","journal-title":"J. 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Squamous epithelium in the female trigone. J. Urol., 90, 62-66.","journal-title":"J. Urol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001110306","article-title":"Stratified squamous epithelium in the vesical trigone and urethra: findings correlated with the menstrual cycle and age","volume":"111","author":"Tyler, D.E.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Tyler, D. E. (1962). Stratified squamous epithelium in the vesical trigone and urethra: findings correlated with the menstrual cycle and age. Amer. J. Anat., 111, 319-325.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Anat"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)62941-0","article-title":"An anomalous vaginal insertion into the bladder","volume":"98","author":"Weiss, J.M.; Dykhuizen, R.F.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Weiss, J. M., and Dykhuizen, R. F. (1967). An anomalous vaginal insertion into the bladder. J. Urol., 98, 610-612.","journal-title":"J. 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