{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:15:20Z","timestamp":1758845720382,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune and non-immune rubella sera were examined in the haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test to evaluate the removal of lipoprotein non-specific inhibitors (NSI) of haemagglutination after kaolin and manganous chloride\/heparin treatments. The sera were titrated fresh or after lipoprotein deterioration brought about by ageing the samples at 4 degrees C for various periods of time and by freezing at -20 degrees C with subsequent thawing. Deterioration was seen as altered electrophoretic mobility while the lipoproteins in treated sera were detected by indicator arboviruses whose haemagglutination is known to be strongly inhibited by the native macromolecules. After both treatments, notably manganous chloride\/heparin, residual NSI activity was detected in deteriorated samples, particularly with group B arboviruses such as Japanese encephalitis and west Nile viruses but generally less so or not at all with the group A arboviruses employed. Absolutely fresh sera are considered highly desirable for rubella virus HAI assay, and it is suggested that the efficiency of lipoprotein NSI removal regardless of treatment protocol could be monitored in parallel HAI tests using carefully chosen indicator arboviruses. This could be done in conjunction with density gradient centrifugation of doubtful sera should ultracentrifuging facilities be available. The suitability of the monitoring procedure would be dependent to some extent on whether certain arboviruses are known to be endemic in a particular area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.30.5.409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"409-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rubella virus serology:detection of residual lipoprotein inhibitors of haemagglutination using sensitive indicator arboviruses."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"K F","family":"Shortridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1977,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"891","article-title":"Classification of hyperlipidaemias and hyperlipoproteinaemias","volume":"43","author":"Beaumont, J.L.; Carlson, L.A.; Cooper, G.R.; Fejfar, Z.; Frederickson, D.S.; Strasser, T.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Beaumont, J. L., Carlson, L. A., Cooper, G. R., Fejfar, Z., Frederickson, D. S., and Strasser, T. (1970). Classification of hyperlipidaemias and hyperlipoproteinaemias. Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 43, 891-915.","journal-title":"Bull. Wld Hlth Org"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"285","article-title":"Immunological cross-reactions of influenza virus inhibitors","volume":"48","author":"Biddle, F.; Shortridge, K.F.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Biddle, F. and Shortridge, K. F. (1967). Immunological cross-reactions of influenza virus inhibitors. Brit. J. exp. Path., 48, 285-293.","journal-title":"Brit. J. exp. Path"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1958.7.561","article-title":"Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses","volume":"7","author":"Clarke, D.H.; Casals, J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Clarke, D. H. and Casals, J. (1958). Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 7, 561-573.","journal-title":"Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"Evaluation of the hemolysis-in-gel test for the screening of rubella immunity and the demonstration of recent infection","author":"Grillner, L.; StrannegArd, 0","year":"1976","unstructured":"Grillner, L. and StrannegArd, 0. (1976). Evaluation of the hemolysis-in-gel test for the screening of rubella immunity and the demonstration of recent infection."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practical methods for lipoprotein analysis","volume":"6","author":"Hatch, F.T.; Lees, R.S.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hatch, F. T. and Lees, R. S. (1968). Practical methods for lipoprotein analysis. Advanc. Lipid Res., 6, 1-68.","journal-title":"Advanc. Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref_6","article-title":"A rubella haemagglutination inhibitor simulating antibody","author":"Haukenes, G.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Haukenes, G. (1973). A rubella haemagglutination inhibitor simulating antibody. Acta path. microbiol.","journal-title":"Acta path. microbiol"},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Removal of non-specific serum inhibitors of haemagglutination of rubella virus by treatment with dodecylamine-gel","author":"Ho, W.K.K.; Shortridge, K.F.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ho, W. K. K. and Shortridge, K. F. (1976). Removal of non-specific serum inhibitors of haemagglutination of rubella virus by treatment with dodecylamine-gel."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105156","article-title":"Heterogeneity of plasma high density lipoproteins","volume":"44","author":"Levy, R.I.; Frederickson, D.S.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Levy, R. I. and Frederickson, D. S. (1965). Heterogeneity of plasma high density lipoproteins. J. clin. Invest., 44, 426-441.","journal-title":"J. clin. Invest"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.104.4.818","article-title":"Measurement of rubella antibody by hemagglutination inhibition. I. Variables affecting rubella hemagglutination","volume":"104","author":"Liebhaber, H.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Liebhaber, H. (1970). Measurement of rubella antibody by hemagglutination inhibition. I. Variables affecting rubella hemagglutination. J. Immunol., 104, 818-825.","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.20.5.748-753.1970","article-title":"Comparison of methods for removal of non-specific inhibitors of arbovirus hemagglutination","volume":"20","author":"Monath, T.P.C.; Lindsey, H.S.; Nuckolls, J.G.; Chapell, W.A.; Henderson, B.E.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Monath, T. P. C., Lindsey, H. S., Nuckolls, J. G., Chapell, W. A., and Henderson, B. E. (1970). Comparison of methods for removal of non-specific inhibitors of arbovirus hemagglutination. Appl. Microbiol., 20, 748-753.","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"The isolation and properties of y-inhibitor: an equine a2-macroglobulin sub-fraction","author":"Pepper, D.S.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Pepper, D. S. (1968). The isolation and properties of y-inhibitor: an equine a2-macroglobulin sub-fraction."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"pp.","article-title":"Rubella virus","volume-title":"Diagnostic Procedures fbr Viral and Rickettsial Infections","author":"Plotkin, S.A.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Plotkin, S. A. (1969). Rubella virus. In Diagnostic Procedures fbr Viral and Rickettsial Infections, edited by E. H. Lennette and N. J. Schmidt, 4th edition, pp.","edition":"4th edition"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"-413. American Public Health Association, New"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.106.6.1615","article-title":"Enzymes produced by a Pseudomonas species which inactivate inhibitors of certain viral hemagglutinins. II. Effect of a proteinase and phospholipase C on viral hemagglutinin inhibitors present in human sera","volume":"106","author":"York. Schmidt, N.J.; Gee, P.S.; Dennis, J.; Lennette, E.H.","year":"1971","unstructured":"York. Schmidt, N. J., Gee, P. S., Dennis, J., and Lennette, E. H. (1971). Enzymes produced by a Pseudomonas species which inactivate inhibitors of certain viral hemagglutinins. II. Effect of a proteinase and phospholipase C on viral hemagglutinin inhibitors present in human sera. J. Immunol., 106, 1615-1623.","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-23-1-113","article-title":"Human serum lipoproteins as inhibitors of haemagglutination for selected togaviruses","volume":"23","author":"Shortridge, K.F.; Ho, W.K.K.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Shortridge, K. F. and Ho, W. K. K. (1974). Human serum lipoproteins as inhibitors of haemagglutination for selected togaviruses. J. gen. Virol., 23, 113-116.","journal-title":"J. gen. Virol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-33-3-523","article-title":"Comparison of the activities in inhibition of haemagglutination by different togaviruses for human serum lipoproteins and their constituents","volume":"33","author":"Shortridge, K.F.; Ho, W.K.K.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Shortridge, K. F. and Ho, W. K. K. (1976). Comparison of the activities in inhibition of haemagglutination by different togaviruses for human serum lipoproteins and their constituents. J. gen. Virol., 33, 523-527.","journal-title":"J. gen. Virol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.27.4.653-656.1974","article-title":"Trypsinized human group 0 erythrocytes as an alternative hemagglutinating agent for Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"27","author":"Shortridge, K.F.; Hu, L.Y.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Shortridge, K. F. and Hu, L. Y. (1974). Trypsinized human group 0 erythrocytes as an alternative hemagglutinating agent for Japanese encephalitis virus. Appl. Microbiol., 27, 653-656.","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.486","article-title":"A note on the use of trypsinized human group 0 erythrocytes in arbovirus titrations","volume":"25","author":"Shortridge, K.F.; Hu, L.Y.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Shortridge, K. F. and Hu, L. Y. (1976). A note on the use of trypsinized human group 0 erythrocytes in arbovirus titrations. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 25, 486-488.","journal-title":"Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"338","article-title":"A simple method for detecting antibodies to rubella","volume":"56","author":"Voller, A.; Bidwell, D.E.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Voller, A. and Bidwell, D. E. (1975). A simple method for detecting antibodies to rubella. Brit. J. exp. Path., 56, 338-339.","journal-title":"Brit. J. exp. Path"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.30.5.409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T10:35:52Z","timestamp":1758796552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.30.5.409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1977,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1977,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.30.5.409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.30.5.409","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-9746"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-4146"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1977,5]]}}}