{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T11:53:00Z","timestamp":1758801180652,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A simple routine method is described for the quantitation of antiglobulin (rheumatoid factor) in human serum irrespective of its immunoglobulin class. Papain Fc fragment of human IgG is labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and incubated with the serum. Bound Fc is separated from free Fc by precipitation with polyethylene glycol and measured by the fluorescence of the precipitate. Results are expressed as a percentage of the binding obtained with a normal pool serum. About 60% of seronegative rheumatoid sera and 96% of seropositive rheumatoid sera gave results more than 2SD above the mean value for normal sera. Only 17% of osteoarthritis sera gave positive results by the same criterion. A relationship is also deduced to show that if the test is carried out at a number of Fc concentrations a double reciprocal plot of bound Fc against free Fc enables both the total antiglobulin and the ratio of binding constants of antiglobulin for Fc and for IgG to be calculated. This ratio is approximately unity. Under the standard conditions the results correspond to a measurement of approximately 30% of the total antiglobulins present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.31.10.963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"963-973","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A direct binding assay for rheumatoid factor serum antiglobulins using fluorescein-labelled Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin-G."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"I","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G E","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1978,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Immunological properties of isolated IgG and IgM antigamma-globulins (rheumatoid factors)","volume":"17","author":"Bianco, N.E.; Dobkin, L.W.; Schur, P.H.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Bianco, N. E., Dobkin, L. W., and Schur, P. H. (1974). Immunological properties of isolated IgG and IgM antigamma-globulins (rheumatoid factors). Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 17, 91-101.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780140603","article-title":"Immunologic studies of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Bianco, N.E.; Panush, R.S.; Stillman, J.S.; Schur, P.H.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Bianco, N. E., Panush, R. S., Stillman, J. S., and Schur, P. H. (1971). Immunologic studies of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 14. 685-696.","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"295","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay of IgG and IgM rheumatoid factors reacting with human IgG","volume":"119","author":"Carson, D.A.; S., Lawrence; Catalano, M.A.; Vaughan, J.H.; Abraham, G.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Carson, D. A., Lawrence S., Catalano, M. A., Vaughan, J. H., and Abraham, G. (1977). Radioimmunoassay of IgG and IgM rheumatoid factors reacting with human IgG. Journal of Immunology, 119, 295-300.","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Detection of antibodies and soluble antigen antibody complexes by precipitation with polyethylene glycol","volume":"111","author":"Creighton, W.D.; Lambert, P.H.; Miescher, P.A.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Creighton, W. D., Lambert, P. H., and Miescher, P. A. (1973). Detection of antibodies and soluble antigen antibody complexes by precipitation with polyethylene glycol. 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The occurrence of cryoproteins in synovial fluids; the association of a complement-fixing activity in rheumatoid synovial fluid with cold-precipitable protein. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 50, 282-293.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"324","article-title":"Weight estimates of rabbit anti-human serum albumin based on antigen-binding capacity","volume":"96","year":"1966","unstructured":"Mulligan, J. J. Jr., Osler, A. G., and Rodriguez, E. (1966). Weight estimates of rabbit anti-human serum albumin based on antigen-binding capacity. Journal of Immunology, 96, 324-333.","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1972.tb01813.x","article-title":"Complementfixing intracellular complexes of IgG-rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid plasma cells","volume":"1","author":"Munthe, E.; Natvig, J.B.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Munthe, E., and Natvig, J. B. (1972). Complementfixing intracellular complexes of IgG-rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid plasma cells. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 1, 217-229.","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"\"S\" # \"787","article-title":"Anti-y-globulins in rheumatoid arthritis sera-I","volume":"22","author":"Normansell, D.E.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Normansell, D. E. (1970). Anti-y-globulins in rheumatoid arthritis sera-I. Studies on the 22 S Complex. Immunochemistry, 7, 787-797.","journal-title":"Studies on the"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-2791(71)90200-X","article-title":"Anti-y-globulins in rheumatoid arthritis sera-II. The reactivity of anti-yglobulin rheumatoid factors with altered y G-globulin","volume":"8","author":"Normansell, D.E.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Normansell, D. E. (1971). Anti-y-globulins in rheumatoid arthritis sera-II. 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