{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:48:09Z","timestamp":1787240889817,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sera from 530 children suffering from various diseases and from 64 controls were tested for smooth muscle autoantibodies (SMA) by indirect immunofluorescence. A high incidence of SMA (51-86%) was found in patients with viral and bacterial infections (viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, measles, mumps, chickenpox, typhoid fever, and brucellosis), independently of liver invovlvement, and in patients with acute haemolytic anaemia due to G-6-PD deficiency (48%). By contrast, the incidence of SMA from patients with beta-thalassaemia major and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was no higher than in the controls. The discrepancy in incidence in haemolytic anaemias due to different causes may reflect the effect of endogenous and extrinsic agents. In the viral infections, SMA were mainly of the IgM class and gave an 'SMA-V' staining pattern. In bacterial infections (typhoid fever and brucellosis), SMA were either IgG only or IgM and IgG, and the staining pattern was also mainly 'SMA-V'. In infections which affect or may affect the liver (viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, typhoid fever, and brucellosis), SMA was present at high titres (1:80-1:320), whereas in infections not affecting the liver (measles, mumps, and chickenpox) the titres were lower (less than or equal to 1:80). In most patients SMA occurred transiently and without apparent pathogenetic significance. The antigen against which infection-induced SMA is directed is not actin; its nature has yet to be identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.32.12.1257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"1257-1263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mechanisms of smooth muscle antibody production: a clinical study in children with infections, haemolytic syndromes, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"F","family":"Kanakoudi-Tsakalidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Cassimos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Papastavrou-Mavroudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Akoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B H","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Osung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E J","family":"Holborow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Sotelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1979,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"803","article-title":"Immunological studies in an epidemic of infective, short-incubation hepatitis","volume":"1","author":"Ajdukiewicz, A.B.; Dudley, F.J.; Fox, R.A.; Doniach, D.; Sherlock, S.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Ajdukiewicz, A. B., Dudley, F. J., Fox, R. A., Doniach, D., and Sherlock, S. (1972). Immunological studies in an epidemic of infective, short-incubation hepatitis. Lancet, 1, 803-806.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92306-3","article-title":"Cooperating and controlling functions of thymusderived lymphocytes in relation to autoimmunity","volume":"2","author":"Allison, A.C.; Denman, A.M.; Barnes, R.D.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Allison, A. C., Denman, A. M., and Barnes, R. D. (1971). Cooperating and controlling functions of thymusderived lymphocytes in relation to autoimmunity. Lancet, 2, 135-140.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"22","article-title":"Smoothmuscle antibodies and other tissue antibodies in cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"22","author":"Andersen, P.; Andersen, H.K.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Andersen, P., and Andersen, H. K. (1975). Smoothmuscle antibodies and other tissue antibodies in cytomegalovirus infection. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 22, 22-29.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"57","article-title":"Studies on the specificity of smooth-muscle antibodies","volume":"26","author":"Andersen, P.; Small, J.V.; Sobieszek, A.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Andersen, P., Small, J. V., and Sobieszek, A. (1976). Studies on the specificity of smooth-muscle antibodies. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 26, 57-66.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"287","article-title":"Smooth-muscle antibodies in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","volume":"24","author":"Biberfeld, G.; Sterner, G.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Biberfeld, G., and Sterner, G. (1976). Smooth-muscle antibodies in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 24, 287-291.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.29.5.403","article-title":"Classification of smooth-muscle autoantibodies detected by immunofluorescence","volume":"29","author":"Bottazzo, G.F.; Florin-Christensen, A.; Fairfax, A.; Swana, G.; Doniach, D.; Groschel-Stewart, U.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bottazzo, G. F., Florin-Christensen, A., Fairfax, A., Swana, G., Doniach, D., and Groschel-Stewart, U. (1976). Classification of smooth-muscle autoantibodies detected by immunofluorescence. 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Smooth muscle autoantibodies in infectious mononucleosis. British Medical Journal, 3, 323-325.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"79","article-title":"Autoimmunity in a rural community","volume":"12","author":"Hooper, B.; Whittingham, S.; Mathews, J.D.; Mackay, I.R.; Curnow, D.H.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hooper, B., Whittingham, S., Mathews, J. D., Mackay, I. R., and Curnow, D. H. (1972). Autoimmunity in a rural community. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 12, 79-87.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)92505-5","article-title":"Antibody to smooth muscle in patients with liver disease","volume":"2","author":"Johnson, G.D.; Holborow, E.J.; Glynn, L.E.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Johnson, G. D., Holborow, E. J., and Glynn, L. E. (1965). Antibody to smooth muscle in patients with liver disease. Lancet, 2, 878-879.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"78","article-title":"Immunological studies in children with acute viral hepatitis","volume":"22","author":"Kanakoudi, F.; Nikolaidis, A.; Daniilidis, B.; Manios, S.; Zurukzoglou, S.S.; Cassimos, C.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Kanakoudi, F., Nikolaidis, A., Daniilidis, B., Manios, S., Zurukzoglou, S. S., and Cassimos, C. (1975). Immunological studies in children with acute viral hepatitis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 22, 78-83.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(78)90141-1","article-title":"Smooth muscle antibodies of actin and 'nonactin' specificity","volume":"9","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kurki, P., Linder, E., Miettinen, A., and Alfthan, 0. (1978). Smooth muscle antibodies of actin and 'nonactin' specificity. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 9, 443-453.","journal-title":"Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"266","article-title":"Anti-actin specificity of human smooth muscle antibodies in chronic active hepatitis","volume":"24","author":"Lidman, K.; Biberfeld, G.; Fagraeus, A.; Norberg, R.; Torstensson, R.; Utter, G.; Carlsson, L.; Luca, J.; Lindberg, U.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lidman, K., Biberfeld, G., Fagraeus, A., Norberg, R., Torstensson, R., Utter, G., Carlsson, L., Luca, J., and Lindberg, U. (1976). Anti-actin specificity of human smooth muscle antibodies in chronic active hepatitis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 24, 266-272.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"339","article-title":"Smooth muscle antibody in patients with warts","volume":"21","author":"McMillan, S.A.; Haire, M.","year":"1975","unstructured":"McMillan, S. A., and Haire, M. (1975). Smooth muscle antibody in patients with warts. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 21, 339-344.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197805182982009","article-title":"Editorial: Selective chemotherapy of macrophages in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"298","author":"Rosse, W.F.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rosse, W. F. (1978). Editorial: Selective chemotherapy of macrophages in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. New England Journal of Medicine, 298, 1139-1140.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"259","article-title":"Incidence and titers of antinuclear, antismooth muscle, and other autoantibodies in blood donors","volume":"86","author":"Shu, S.; Nisengard, R.J.; Hale, W.L.; Beutner, E.H.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Shu, S., Nisengard, R. J., Hale, W. L., and Beutner, E. H. (1975). Incidence and titers of antinuclear, antismooth muscle, and other autoantibodies in blood donors. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 86, 259-265.","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"427","article-title":"The occurrence of autoantibodies in infectious mononucleosis","volume":"17","author":"Sutton, R.N.P.; Emond, R.T.D.; Thomas, D.B.; Doniach, D.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sutton, R. N. P., Emond, R. T. D., Thomas, D. B., and Doniach, D. (1974a).The occurrence of autoantibodies in infectious mononucleosis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 17, 427-436.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.27.2.97","article-title":"Asymptomatic infection with EB virus","volume":"27","author":"Sutton, R.N.P.; Marston, S.D.; Almond, E.J.P.; Reynolds, K.; Pounds, F.J.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sutton, R. N. P., Marston, S. D., Almond, E. J. P., Reynolds, K., and Pounds, F. J. (1974b). Asymptomatic infection with EB virus. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 27, 97-100.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(78)90117-4","article-title":"Reaction of human smooth muscle autoantibody with skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and thymic myoid cells","volume":"9","author":"Toh, B.H.; Clarke, F.M.; Ceredig, R.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Toh, B. H., Clarke, F. M., and Ceredig, R. (1978). Reaction of human smooth muscle autoantibody with skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and thymic myoid cells. 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British Medical Journal, 4, 511-513.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.32.12.1257","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:07:16Z","timestamp":1758816436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.32.12.1257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1979,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1979,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.32.12.1257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.32.12.1257","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1979,12]]}}}