{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T18:53:57Z","timestamp":1762541637091,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The electron microscopic structure of cilia from the inferior turbinate of the nose was studied in 12 adults, four with chronic sinusitis, one with allergic rhinitis, two with bronchiectasis, three with deviated nasal septum, and two normals. The changes are compared with those found in nasal cilia in 14 patients with retinitis pigmentosa. There were compound cilia in the seven cases with chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and bronchiectasis but, apart from this, the structure of the cilia was similar in all 12 cases. There were variations in the microtubular pattern in about 4% of cilia, dynein arms were not seen in 4%, and in the rest an average of 5-6 dynein arms were seen in each cilium. The orientation of the cilia was 0 to 90 degrees. In the retinitis pigmentosa patients there was a highly significant increase in cilial abnormalities. The establishment on a quantitative basis of the variations in normal structure of nasal cilila facilitated the recognition of an association between cilial abnormalities and retinitis pigmentosa and should help in the identification of associations that may exist between cilial abnormalities and other diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.33.4.327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"327-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Variations in the ultrastructure of human nasal cilia including abnormalities found in retinitis pigmentosa."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"B","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T B","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G B","family":"Arden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1980,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The immotile-cilia syndrome. A congenital ciliary abnorinversus25 and that this abnormality involves all mality as an etiologic factor in chronic airway cilia has highlighted the importance of establishing infections and male sterility","author":"Eliasson, R.; Mossberg, B.; Camner, P.; Afzelius, B.A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Eliasson R, Mossberg B, Camner P, Afzelius BA. The immotile-cilia syndrome. A congenital ciliary abnorinversus25 and that this abnormality involves all mality as an etiologic factor in chronic airway cilia has highlighted the importance of establishing infections and male sterility. N Engl J Med 1977; the appearances of dynein arms in normal cilia. Although there are two dynein arms on each microtubular doublet, in our series the largest number of dynein arms we have actually seen in a single cilium was 10 and in many there were three or less. The difficulty in visualising dynein arms is a technical matter relating mainly to fixation; and we have 297:1-6.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med; the appearances of dynein arms in normal cilia. Although there are two dynein arms on each microtubular doublet, in our series the largest number of dynein arms we have actually seen in a single cilium was 10 and in many there were three or less. The difficulty in visualising dynein arms is a technical matter relating mainly to fixation; and we have 297"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"132","article-title":"Cilia and sperm tail abnormalities in Polynesian bronchiectatics","volume":"2","author":"Waite, D.; JStJ, Wakefield; Steele, R.; Mackay, J.; Ross, I.; Wallace, J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Waite D, Wakefield JStJ, Steele R, Mackay J, Ross I, Wallace J. Cilia and sperm tail abnormalities in Polynesian bronchiectatics. 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Fedn Proc 1970;29:608. (Abstract.)","journal-title":"J Cell Biol; sea urchin spermatozoa. Fedn Proc 1970; 29: 608. (Abstract.); High guanyl cyclase activity"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(79)90097-X","article-title":"The control of phosphodiesterase in rod disk membranes: kinetics, possible mechanisms and significance for vision!","volume":"19","author":"Liebman, P.A.; Pugh, Jr, E.N.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Liebman PA, Pugh EN, Jr. The control of phosphodiesterase in rod disk membranes: kinetics, possible mechanisms and significance for vision! Vision Res 1979;19:375-80.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1126\/science.156.3782.1606","article-title":"Guanine nucleotide associated with the protein of the outer fibers of flagella and cilia","volume":"156","author":"Stephens, R.E.; Renaud, F.L.; Gibbons, I.R.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Stephens RE, Renaud FL, Gibbons IR. Guanine nucleotide associated with the protein of the outer fibers of flagella and cilia. Science 1967;156:1606-8.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"177","article-title":"X-linked retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"59","author":"Bird, A.C.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bird AC. X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. BrJOphthalmol 1975;59:177-99.","journal-title":"BrJOphthalmol"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"641","article-title":"X-linked retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"77","author":"Jay, B.; Bird, A.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Jay B, Bird A. X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1973;77:641-51.","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(79)90231-9","article-title":"Electroretinographic testing as an aid in detection of carriers of X-chromosome-linked retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"87","author":"Berson, E.L.; Rosen, J.B.; Simonoff, E.A.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Berson EL, Rosen JB, Simonoff EA. Electroretinographic testing as an aid in detection of carriers of X-chromosome-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Ophthalmol 1979;87:460-8.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.77.3.R19","article-title":"Cation-induced attachment of ciliary dynein cross-bridges","volume":"77","author":"Wamer, F.D.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Wamer FD. Cation-induced attachment of ciliary dynein cross-bridges. 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