{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:27:35Z","timestamp":1791307655962,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The exanthem of epidemic polyarthritis, a disease caused by Ross River (RR) virus, was examined three days after onset of the common erythematous and the rare purpuric forms of the eruption. The dermis showed a light perivascular infiltrate of mononuclear cells in both, with extravasation of erythrocytes in the latter. No immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA) or complement components (Clq, C3) were detected. Most of the infiltrating cells were T lymphocytes of the T suppressor-cytotoxic class. Their perivascular location, the scarcity of other lymphocytes or phagocytes, and rapid resolution of the rash indicated that the T lymphocytes were responsible for cytotoxic destruction of virus-infected cells. A few monocyte-macrophage cells were identified in the perivascular infiltrate. RR virus antigen was found in the basal epidermal and eccrine duct epithelial cells of both types of lesion and in the perivascular zone of the erythematous lesion, but appeared to have been eliminated from this region in the purpuric lesion. It is suggested that secondary effects of the T-cytotoxic reaction on nearby capillaries are responsible for erythema, oedema and purpura in the exanthem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.36.11.1256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"1256-1263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["The exanthem of Ross River virus infection: histology, location of virus antigen and nature of inflammatory infiltrate."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"J R","family":"Fraser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V M","family":"Ratnamohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J P","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G J","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G A","family":"Varigos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1983,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Increased numbers of cells with suppressor T cell phenotype in the peripheral blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis. Clin Exp Immunol","volume":"43","author":"Crawford, D.H.; Brickell, P.; Tidman, N.; McConnell, I.; Hoffbrand, A.V.; Janossy, G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Crawford DH, Brickell P, Tidman N, McConnell I, Hoffbrand AV, Janossy G. Increased numbers of cells with suppressor T cell phenotype in the peripheral blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1981;43:291-7."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198102193040804","article-title":"Characterization of immunoregulatory T cells in EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis by monoclonal antibodies","volume":"304","author":"M, De Waele; C, Thielemans; BKG, Van Camp","year":"1981","unstructured":"De Waele M, Thielemans C, Van Camp BKG. Characterization of immunoregulatory T cells in EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis by monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 1981;304:460-2.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198107233050422","article-title":"Immunoregulatory T cells in mononucleosis and toxoplasmosis","volume":"305","author":"M, De Waele; C, Thielemans; B, Van Camp","year":"1981","unstructured":"De Waele M, Thielemans C, Van Camp B. Immunoregulatory T cells in mononucleosis and toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med 1981;305:228.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"839","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: A disease of T-lymphocyte\/ macrophage immunoregulation","volume":"ii:","year":"1981","unstructured":"Janossy G, Duke 0, Poulter LW, Panayi G, Bofill M, Goldstein G. Rheumatoid arthritis: A disease of T-lymphocyte\/ macrophage immunoregulation. Lancet 1981;ii:839-42.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"359","article-title":"In situ localization of lymphocyte subsets in synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Meijer, C.J.L.M.; de Graaff-Reitsma, C.B.; Lafeber, G.J.M.; Cats, A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Meijer CJLM, de Graaff-Reitsma CB, Lafeber GJM, Cats A. In situ localization of lymphocyte subsets in synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with monoclonal antibodies. J Rheumatol 1982;9:359-65.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"61722","article-title":"T cell subsets and Langerhans cells in lichen planus: In situ characterization using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"105","author":"Bhan, A.K.; Harrist, T.J.; Murphy, G.F.; MC, Jr, Mihm","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bhan AK, Harrist TJ, Murphy GF, Mihm MC Jr. T cell subsets and Langerhans cells in lichen planus: In situ characterization using monoclonal antibodies. Br J Dermatol 1981;105:61722.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(82)70077-5","article-title":"Demonstration of OKT6-reactive cells in mycosis fungoides","volume":"6","author":"McMillan, E.M.; Beeman, K.; Wasik, R.; Everett, M.A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"McMillan EM, Beeman K, Wasik R, Everett MA. Demonstration of OKT6-reactive cells in mycosis fungoides. Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6:880-7.","journal-title":"Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198212233072601","article-title":"The cutaneous infiltrates of leprosy","volume":"307","author":"WC, Van Voorhis; G, Kaplan; EN, Sarno","year":"1982","unstructured":"Van Voorhis WC, Kaplan G, Sarno EN, et al. The cutaneous infiltrates of leprosy. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1593-7.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"113","article-title":"July suppl: 42-55. '0 Anderson SG, French EL. An epidemic exanthem associated with polyarthritis in the Murray","volume":"2","author":"Med J Aust","year":"1956","unstructured":"July suppl: 42-55. '0 Anderson SG, French EL. An epidemic exanthem associated with polyarthritis in the Murray Valley, 1956. Med J Aust 1957;2: 113.","journal-title":"Valley"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1975.tb03056.x","article-title":"Epidemic polyarthritis: A cytological virological and immunochemical study","volume":"5","author":"Clarris, B.J.; Doherty, R.L.; Fraser, J.R.E.; French, E.L.; Muirden, K.D.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Clarris BJ, Doherty RL, Fraser JRE, French EL, Muirden KD. Epidemic polyarthritis: A cytological virological and immunochemical study. Aust NZ J Med 1975;5:450-7.","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Med"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1981.tb04226.x","article-title":"Cytology of synovial effusions in epidemic polyarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Fraser, J.R.E.; Cunningham, A.L.; Clarris, B.J.; Aaskov, J.G.; Leach, R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fraser JRE, Cunningham AL, Clarris BJ, Aaskov JG, Leach R. Cytology of synovial effusions in epidemic polyarthritis. Aust NZ J Med 1981;11:168-73.","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Med"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3109\/00313028109086640","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to human macrophage and leucocyte common antigens","volume":"13","author":"Becker, G.J.; Hancock, W.W.; Kraft, N.; Lanyon, H.C.; Atkins, R.C.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Becker GJ, Hancock WW, Kraft N, Lanyon HC, Atkins RC. Monoclonal antibodies to human macrophage and leucocyte common antigens. Pathology 1981;13:669-80.","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/78.6.825","article-title":"A comparison of fixatives and immunohistochemical techniques for use with monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens","volume":"78","author":"Hancock, W.W.; Becker, G.J.; Atkins, R.C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hancock WW, Becker GJ, Atkins RC. A comparison of fixatives and immunohistochemical techniques for use with monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens. Am J Clin Pathol 1982;78:825-31.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1126\/science.314668","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies defining distinctive human T cell antigens","volume":"206","author":"Kung, P.C.; Goldstein, G.; Reinherz, E.L.; Schlossman, S.F.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kung PC, Goldstein G, Reinherz EL, Schlossman SF. Monoclonal antibodies defining distinctive human T cell antigens. Science 1979;206:347-9.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4061","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.8.4061","article-title":"Separation of functional subsets of human T cells by a monoclonal antibody","volume":"76","author":"Reinherz, E.L.; Kung, P.C.; Goldstein, G.; Schlossman, S.F.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Reinherz EL, Kung PC, Goldstein G, Schlossman SF. Separation of functional subsets of human T cells by a monoclonal antibody. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 1979;76:4061-5.","journal-title":"Proc Nad Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1588","article-title":"Discrete stages of human intrathymic differentiation: analysis of normal thymocytes and leukemic lymphoblasts","volume-title":"of T-cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci","volume":"77","author":"Reinherz, E.L.; Kung, P.C.; Goldstein, G.; Levey, R.H.; Schlossman, S.F.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Reinherz EL, Kung PC, Goldstein G, Levey RH, Schlossman SF. Discrete stages of human intrathymic differentiation: analysis of normal thymocytes and leukemic lymphoblasts of T-cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77: 1588-92."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/00313028309061401","article-title":"Membrane antigens of human cells of the monocyte\/macrophage lineage studied with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"15","author":"Brooks, D.A.; Zola, H.; McNamara, P.J.; Bradley, J.; Bradstock, K.F.; Hancock, W.W.; Atkins, R.C.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Brooks DA, Zola H, McNamara PJ, Bradley J, Bradstock KF, Hancock WW, Atkins RC. Membrane antigens of human cells of the monocyte\/macrophage lineage studied with monoclonal antibodies. Pathology 1983;15:45-52.","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.4.2541","article-title":"Reactivity of Langerhans cells with hybridoma antibody","volume":"78","author":"Fithian, E.; Kung, P.; Goldstein, G.; Rubenfeld, M.; Fenoglio, C.; Edelson, R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fithian E, Kung P, Goldstein G, Rubenfeld M, Fenoglio C, Edelson R. Reactivity of Langerhans cells with hybridoma antibody. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 1981;78:2541-4.","journal-title":"Proc Nad Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1981.tb02740.x","article-title":"The preparation and properties of monoclonal antibodies against human granulocyte membrane antigens","volume":"48","author":"Zola, H.; McNamara, P.; Thomas, M.; Smart, I.J.; Bradley, J.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Zola H, McNamara P, Thomas M, Smart IJ, Bradley J. The preparation and properties of monoclonal antibodies against human granulocyte membrane antigens. Br J Haematol 1981;48:481-90.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.127.6.2401","article-title":"Determination of surface antigens on highly purified human NK cells by flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"127","author":"Ortaldo, JR, Sharrow; SO, Timonen; T, Herberman; B.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ortaldo JR, Sharrow SO, Timonen T, Herberman B. Determination of surface antigens on highly purified human NK cells by flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol 1981;127:2401-7.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/12.4.293","article-title":"The cytologic demonstration of beta-glucuronidase employing naphthol AS-BI glucuronide and hexazonium pararosanilin: a preliminary report","volume":"12","author":"Nayashi, M.; Nakajima, Y.; Fishman, W.H.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Nayashi M, Nakajima Y, Fishman WH. The cytologic demonstration of beta-glucuronidase employing naphthol AS-BI glucuronide and hexazonium pararosanilin: a preliminary report. J Histochem Cytochem 1964;12:293-7.","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1952.1.30","article-title":"Research on dengue during World War II","volume":"1","author":"Sabin, A.B.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Sabin AB. Research on dengue during World War II. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1952;1: 130-50.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"307","article-title":"The skin. A clinicopathologic treatise. 1954","author":"Alien, A.C.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Alien AC. The skin. A clinicopathologic treatise. 1954. St Louis: CV Mosby Co, 1954:307-8."},{"key":"ref_24","article-title":"Histologic diagnosis of inflammatory skin diseases. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger","author":"Ackerman, A.B.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ackerman AB. Histologic diagnosis of inflammatory skin diseases. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1978:198."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.125.6.2402","article-title":"Functional analysis of human T cell subsets defined by monoclonal antibodies. 1. Collaborative T-T interactions in the immunoregulation of B cell differentiation","volume":"125","author":"true","year":"1980","unstructured":"Thomas Y, Sosman J, Irigoyen 0, et al. Functional analysis of human T cell subsets defined by monoclonal antibodies. 1. Collaborative T-T interactions in the immunoregulation of B cell differentiation. J Immunol 1980;125:2402-8.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1301","article-title":"A monoclonal antibody reactive with the human cytotoxic\/suppressor T cell subset previously defined by a heteroantiserum termed TH2","volume":"124","author":"Reinherz, E.L.; Kung, P.C.; Goldstein, G.; Schlossman, S.F.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Reinherz EL, Kung PC, Goldstein G, Schlossman SF. A monoclonal antibody reactive with the human cytotoxic\/suppressor T cell subset previously defined by a heteroantiserum termed TH2. JImmunol 1980;124:1301-7."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(80)90072-0","article-title":"The differentiation and function of human T lymphocytes","volume":"19","author":"Reinherz, E.L.; Schlossman, S.F.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Reinherz EL, Schlossman SF. The differentiation and function of human T lymphocytes. Cell 1980;19:821-7.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.154.2.569","article-title":"Surface markers of cloned human T cells with various cytolytic activities","volume":"154","author":"Moretta, L.; Mingari, M.C.; Sekaly, P.R.; Moretta, A.; Chapuis, B.; Cerottini, J.-C.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Moretta L, Mingari MC, Sekaly PR, Moretta A, Chapuis B, Cerottini J-C. Surface markers of cloned human T cells with various cytolytic activities. J Exp Med 1981;154:569-74.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"77","article-title":"Two cytotoxic cells in peritoneal cavity of virus-infected mice: Antibody-dependent macrophages and nonspecific killer cells","volume":"58","author":"MacFarlan, R.I.; Bums, W.H.; White, D.O.","year":"1977","unstructured":"MacFarlan RI, Bums WH, White DO. Two cytotoxic cells in peritoneal cavity of virus-infected mice: Antibody-dependent macrophages and nonspecific killer cells. J Immunol 1977;199: 1569-74. 3' MacFarlan RK, White DO. Further characterization of natural killer cells induced by Kunjin virus. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1980;58:77-89.","journal-title":"J Immunol; 3' MacFarlan RK, White DO. Further characterization of natural killer cells induced by Kunjin virus"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"159","article-title":"The pathogenesis of infectious disease","author":"Mims, C.A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Mims CA. The pathogenesis of infectious disease. London: Academic Press, 1977: 159."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/137.1.74","article-title":"Pathogenesis of the rubella exanthem: Distribution of rubella virus in the skin during rubella with and without rash","volume":"137","author":"Heggie, A.D.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Heggie AD. Pathogenesis of the rubella exanthem: Distribution of rubella virus in the skin during rubella with and without rash. I Infect Dis 1978; 137:74-7.","journal-title":"I Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.1294","article-title":"Epidemic polyarthritis (Ross River) virus infection in the Cook Islands","volume":"30","author":"Rosen, L.; Gubler, D.J.; Bennett, P.H.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rosen L, Gubler DJ, Bennett PH. Epidemic polyarthritis (Ross River) virus infection in the Cook Islands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1981;30: 1294-302.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.36.11.1256","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:47:59Z","timestamp":1758818879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.36.11.1256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1983,11]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1983,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.36.11.1256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.36.11.1256","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1983,11]]}}}