{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:33:15Z","timestamp":1770823995469,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>One hundred and six consecutive chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers were studied for the prevalence of delta markers in serum and tissue, and the clinical and histological features of those with and without delta infection were compared. Twenty (18.9%) patients were positive for anti-delta in serum or delta antigen in the liver or both. They presented at a younger age (30.3 v 38 years). All of them were symptomatic at the time of biopsy, in contrast to 35% of patients without delta infection who were not symptomatic. Those with delta infection had higher serum transaminase values and showed more severe liver damage on biopsy: chronic active hepatitis in 45% and cirrhosis in 55%. There was more pronounced disease activity both within the parenchyma and in the portal and periportal zones. The histological diagnosis of the 86 patients without delta infection included minimal disease (10%), chronic persistent hepatitis (9%), chronic active hepatitis (62%), and cirrhosis (19%). Delta infection in chronic HBV carriers is associated with a more active and progressive liver disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.38.5.530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"530-533","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Clinical and histological features of delta infection in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"A S","family":"Lok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P J","family":"Scheuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H C","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1985,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"6124","article-title":"Delta agent: the association of delta antigen with hepatitis B surface antigen and RNA","volume-title":"serum of delta-infected chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci","volume":"77","author":"Rizzetto, M.; Hoyer, B.; Canese, M.G.; Shih, J.W.D.; Purcell, R.H.; Gerin, J.L.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rizzetto M, Hoyer B, Canese MG, Shih JWD, Purcell RH, Gerin JL. Delta agent: the association of delta antigen with hepatitis B surface antigen and RNA in serum of delta-infected chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77:6124-8."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/141.5.590","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees","volume":"141","author":"Rizzetto, M.; Canese, M.G.; Gerin, J.L.; London, W.T.; Sly, L.D.; Purcell, R.H.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Gerin JL, London WT, Sly LD, Purcell RH. Transmission of hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees. 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Lancet 1980;i: 1215-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"i: 249-51","volume-title":"Epidemiology and clinical course of delta infection in Britain","author":"Lok, A.S.F.; Farci, P.; Thomas, H.C.","unstructured":";i: 249-51. h Lok ASF, Farci P, Thomas HC. Epidemiology and clinical course of delta infection in Britain. In: Rizzetto M, Verme G, eds. infection and viral hepatitis. New York: Alan A Liss Inc. Weller IVD, Karayiannis P, Lok ASF, et al. The significance of delta infection in chronic hepatitis B viral infection in Great"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1061","volume":"24","author":"Gut, Britain","year":"1983","unstructured":"Britain. Gut 1983;24:1061-3."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.4.472","article-title":"Infection with delta agent in Sweden: Introduction of a new hepatitis agent","volume":"146","author":"Hansson, B.G.; Moestrup, T.; Widell, A.; Nordenfelt, E.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hansson BG, Moestrup T, Widell A, Nordenfelt E. Infection with delta agent in Sweden: Introduction of a new hepatitis agent. J Infect Dis 1982;146:472-8.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-4-437","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, with intrahepatic expression of the delta antigen: an active and progressive disease unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment","volume":"98","author":"Rizzetto, M.; Verme, G.; Recchia, S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rizzetto M, Verme G, Recchia S, et al. Chronic hepatitis in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, with intrahepatic expression of the delta antigen: an active and progressive disease unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment. Ann Intern Med 1983;98:437-41.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"273","article-title":"The detection of HBV-DNA in serum by molecular hybridisation: a more sensitive method for detection of complete HBV particles","volume":"9","author":"Weller, I.V.D.; Fowler, M.J.F.; Monjardino, J.; Karayiannis, P.; Thomas, H.C.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Weller IVD, Fowler MJF, Monjardino J, Karayiannis P, Thomas HC. The detection of HBV-DNA in serum by molecular hybridisation: a more sensitive method for detection of complete HBV particles. J Med Virol 1980;9:273-80.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/14.4.291","article-title":"The early stages of absorption of injection horseradish peroxidase in the proximal tubules of mouse kidney: ultrastructural cytochemistry by a new technique","volume":"14","author":"Graham, R.C.; Karnovsky, M.J.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Graham RC, Karnovsky MJ. The early stages of absorption of injection horseradish peroxidase in the proximal tubules of mouse kidney: ultrastructural cytochemistry by a new technique. J Histochem Cytochem 1966; 14:291-302.","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"Liver biopsy interpretaton","author":"Scheuer, P.J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Scheuer PJ. Liver biopsy interpretaton. 3rd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1980.","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"764","article-title":"UK prevalence of delta infection","volume":"ii:","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tedder RS, Briggs H, Howell DR. UK prevalence of delta infection. Lancet 1982;ii:764-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"61","article-title":"Familial clustering of delta infection and chronic hepatitis","volume":"15","author":"Caporaso, N.; Colforti, M.; DelVecchio Blanco, C.; Farci, P.; Servillo, F.; Suozzo, R.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Caporaso N, Colforti M, DelVecchio Blanco C, Farci P, Servillo F, Suozzo R. Familial clustering of delta infection and chronic hepatitis. 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