{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T03:17:40Z","timestamp":1765595860760,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To evaluate the addition of hepatitis vaccine to health schemes for hospital workers in Zimbabwe we undertook a cross sectional study of viral markers in 226 hospital workers and compared the results with 97 volunteer blood donor controls. One hundred and thirty one (58%) hospital workers had hepatitis markers compared with 45 (46%) of the donor group. Racial group was the strongest risk factor. Blacks were 70% more likely to have markers than whites. This racial difference was not explained by job status or patient contact. Our data suggest that work in a district general hospital does not constitute a clinically important hazard for hepatitis B infection. Because of the high cost of the vaccine, additional studies to assess the risk of hospital work in other settings in Zimbabwe are required before health policy regarding routine hepatitis B vaccination is determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.41.3.334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"334-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk of hepatitis B infection among medical and paramedical workers in a general hospital in Zimbabwe."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"J C","family":"Emmanuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M T","family":"Bassett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H J","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1988,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113277","article-title":"Occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus in hospital personnel: infection or immunisation?","volume":"1","author":"Dienstag, J.L.; Ryan, D.M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Dienstag JL, Ryan DM. Occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus in hospital personnel: infection or immunisation? Am J Epidemiol 1982;1 15:26-39.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112469","article-title":"Hepatitis B in ward and clinical laboratory employees of a general hospital","volume":"106","author":"Levy, B.S.; Harris, J.C.; Smith, J.L.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Levy BS, Harris JC, Smith JL, et al. Hepatitis B in ward and clinical laboratory employees of a general hospital. Am J Epidemiol 1977;106:330-5.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112071","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis B in hospital personnel","volume":"101","author":"true","year":"1975","unstructured":"Pattison CP, Maynard JE, Berquist DR, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis B in hospital personnel. Am J Epidemiol 1975;101: 59-64.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03340140063031","article-title":"The risk ofhepatitis B among select employee groups in an urban hospital","volume":"250","author":"Jovanovich, J.F.; Saravolatz, L.D.; Arking, L.M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jovanovich JF, Saravolatz LD, Arking LM. The risk ofhepatitis B among select employee groups in an urban hospital. JAMA 1983;250:1893-4.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"46","article-title":"Panel discussion-Who should be vaccinated against hepatitis B? Symposium on vaccination against hepatitis B","volume":"38","year":"1982","unstructured":"Panel discussion-Who should be vaccinated against hepatitis B? Symposium on vaccination against hepatitis B. Scand J Infect Dis 1982;Supplement 38:46-61.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_6","article-title":"WHO Technical Report Series. Hepatitis B vaccines","author":"W.H.O.","year":"1983","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Technical Report Series. Hepatitis B vaccines. Geneva: WHO, 1983."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"45","article-title":"Serologic survey ofHepatitis B surface antigen among the healthy population in Zimbabwe","volume":"31","author":"Tswana, S.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tswana SA. Serologic survey ofHepatitis B surface antigen among the healthy population in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 1985; 31:45-9.","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Epidemiologic analysis with a programmable calculator. 79-1649","author":"Rothman, K.J.; Boyce, J.D.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rothman KJ, Boyce JD. Epidemiologic analysis with a programmable calculator. 79-1649. Washington DC: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, June 1979."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"40","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma and the hepatitis B virus","volume":"24","author":"Szumess, W.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Szumess W. Hepatocellular carcinoma and the hepatitis B virus. Prog Med Virol 1978;24:40-69.","journal-title":"Prog Med Virol"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"449","article-title":"Screening for Hepatitis B markers is not justified in West African transfusion centres","author":"Ryder, R.W.; Whittle, H.C.; Wojiecowsky, N.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ryder RW, Whittle HC, Wojiecowsky N, et al. Screening for Hepatitis B markers is not justified in West African transfusion centres. Lancet 1984;449-52.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"419","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B markers in blood center staff: relationship to vaccination policy","volume":"23","author":"Hoffman-Panetta, K.; Dodd, R.Y.","year":"1983","unstructured":"1 Hoffman-Panetta K, Dodd RY. Prevalence of hepatitis B markers in blood center staff: relationship to vaccination policy. Transfusion 1983;23:419-48.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"419","article-title":"Prevalence of markers of hepatitis B infection in employees of a regional blood center","volume":"23","author":"Borek, D.A.; Tegtmeier, G.D.; Blosser, J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Borek DA, Tegtmeier GD, Blosser J, et al. Prevalence of markers of hepatitis B infection in employees of a regional blood center. Transfusion 1983;23:419-49.","journal-title":"Transfusion"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.41.3.334","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T03:12:56Z","timestamp":1765595576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.41.3.334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,3]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1988,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.41.3.334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.41.3.334","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-9746"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-4146"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,3]]}}}