{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T16:28:39Z","timestamp":1765729719760,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIMS: To investigate the hypothesis that commonly occurring bacterial toxins cause sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) by (1), determining in which tissues bacterial toxins are concentrated after intravenous injection in rats; and (2), seeing if the same tissues contain detectable toxins in cases of SIDS. METHODS: The tissue distribution of intravenously injected staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), enterotoxin B (SEB), enterotoxin C (SEC), enterotoxin D (SED), toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), and alpha-haemolysin was studied in rats using immunohistology and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with immunoblotting. Immunostaining was also carried out on formalin fixed kidneys from cases of SIDS and a comparison series of necropsy cases using anti-SEA, anti-SEB, anti-SEC2 and anti-SED. RESULTS: Immunohistology showed that SEB, SEC, SED and TSST-1 were all concentrated in the proximal convoluted tubular cells of the kidney. The presence of these toxins was confirmed in kidney homogenates using electrophoresis and immunoblotting. There was positive granular staining in the proximal convoluted tubular cells of the kidney in 36% of SIDS cases and 12% of the comparison series with anti SEC2 (chi 2 = 6; p &lt; 0.025). CONCLUSION: SEC, or a bacterial toxin with epitopes in common, could have a pathogenic role in SIDS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.8.716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"716-721","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Staphylococcal toxins and sudden infant death syndrome."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"J E","family":"Malam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G F","family":"Carrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D R","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J A","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(87)90145-9","article-title":"Hypothesis: Common bacterial toxins are a possible cause of the sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Morris, J.A.; Haran, D.; Smith, A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Morris JA, Haran D, Smith A. Hypothesis: Common bacterial toxins are a possible cause of the sudden infant death syndrome. Medical Hypotheses 1987;22:211-22.","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"566","article-title":"Increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome in older infants at weekends","volume":"293","author":"Morris, J.A.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Morris JA. Increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome in older infants at weekends. Br Med 1986;293:566."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"958","article-title":"Sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"298","author":"Morris, J.A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Morris JA. Sudden infant death syndrome. Br Med 1989;298:958.","journal-title":"Br Med"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"125","article-title":"The nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Telford, D.R.; Morris, J.A.; Hughes, P.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Telford DR, Morris JA, Hughes P, et al. The nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in sudden infant death syndrome. Infect 1989;18: 125-30.","journal-title":"Infect"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549009027079","article-title":"Toxigenic Escherichia coli associated with sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Bettelheim, K.A.; Goldwater, P.N.; Dwyer, B.W.; Bourne, A.J.; Smith, D.L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bettelheim KA, Goldwater PN, Dwyer BW, Bourne AJ, Smith DL. Toxigenic Escherichia coli associated with sudden infant death syndrome. Scand Infect Dis 1990;22:467-76.","journal-title":"Scand Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Intestinal infection and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"i:","author":"Arnon, S.S.; Midura, T.F.; Damus, K.; Wood, R.M.; Chin, J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Arnon SS, Midura TF, Damus K, Wood RM, Chin J. Intestinal infection and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1978;i: 1273-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"237","article-title":"Continuous microbiological and pathological study of 70 sudden and unexpected infant deaths: Toxigenic intestinal Clostridium botulinum infection in 9 cases of sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"i:","author":"Sonnabend, O.A.R.; Sonnabend, W.F.F.; Krech, U.; Molz, G.; Sigrist, T.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sonnabend OAR, Sonnabend WFF, Krech U, Molz G, Sigrist T. Continuous microbiological and pathological study of 70 sudden and unexpected infant deaths: Toxigenic intestinal Clostridium botulinum infection in 9 cases of sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1985;i:237-41.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.40.12.1393","article-title":"Lethal challenge of gnotobiotic weanling rats with bacterial isolates from cases of sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"40","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lee S, Barson AJ, Drucker DB, Morris JA, Telford DR. Lethal challenge of gnotobiotic weanling rats with bacterial isolates from cases of sudden infant death syndrome. J Clin Pathol 1987;40:1393-6.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.1.35","article-title":"Exacerbation of bacterial toxicity to infant ferrets by influenza virus: Possible role in sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"163","author":"Jakeman, K.J.; Rushton, D.I.; Smith, H.; Sweet, C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jakeman KJ, Rushton DI, Smith H, Sweet C. Exacerbation of bacterial toxicity to infant ferrets by influenza virus: Possible role in sudden infant death syndrome. J Infect Dis 1991;163:35-40.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.47.3.710-712.1985","article-title":"Effect of toxic shock syndrome Toxin-I on chick embryos","volume":"47","author":"JCS, De Azavedo; RN, Lucken; JP, Arbuthnott","year":"1985","unstructured":"De Azavedo JCS, Lucken RN, Arbuthnott JP. Effect of toxic shock syndrome Toxin-I on chick embryos. Infect Immun 1985;47:710-12.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.42.9.935","article-title":"Immunohistological localisation of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) antigen in sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Newbould, M.J.; Malam, J.; Mclllmurray, J.M.; Morris, J.A.; Telford, D.R.; Barson, A.J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Newbould MJ, Malam J, Mclllmurray JM, Morris JA, Telford DR, Barson AJ. Immunohistological localisation of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) antigen in sudden infant death syndrome. J Clin Pathol 1989;42:935-9.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","article-title":"Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4","volume":"227","author":"Laemmli, U.K.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 1970;227:680-5.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.20.3.497","article-title":"Cytochemical observations on the relationship between lysosomes and phagosomes in kidney and liver by combined staining for acid phosphatase and intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase","volume":"20","author":"Straus, W.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Straus W. Cytochemical observations on the relationship between lysosomes and phagosomes in kidney and liver by combined staining for acid phosphatase and intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase. J Cell Biol 1964;20:497-507.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"126","article-title":"Renal fate of the staphylococcal enterotoxin B","volume":"25","author":"Norman, S.J.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Norman SJ. Renal fate of the staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Lab Invest 1971;25:126-32.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"17","article-title":"Pathology of experimental enterotoxaemia: the in vivo localisation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B","volume":"20","author":"Norman, S.J.; Jaeger, R.F.; Johnsey, R.T.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Norman SJ, Jaeger RF, Johnsey RT. Pathology of experimental enterotoxaemia: the in vivo localisation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Lab Invest 1969;20: 17-25.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.45.8.716","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T16:27:12Z","timestamp":1765729632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.45.8.716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.45.8.716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.45.8.716","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-9746"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-4146"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]}}}