{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:00:14Z","timestamp":1761512414357,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIMS: To evaluate serum gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity in a group of non-alcoholic patients with the hepatointestinal form of schistosomiasis; and the response of both GGT and alkaline phosphatase to an ethanol challenge in two subgroups of patients with different baseline serum concentrations of GGT. METHODS: Seventy six non-alcoholic, non-smoking hepatitis B virus (HBV) negative men with normal body mass index, who denied blood product transfusion or use of medication, were studied (30 healthy volunteers (control group) and 46 patients with the hepatointestinal form of schistosomiasis). GGT activities were determined in all subjects and the ethanol test (measurement of GGT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) before and 24 hours after the ingestion of 1 g\/kg of ethanol) was performed in 14 patients (7 with GGT below 25 IU\/l and seven with GGT above 25 IU\/l). The ethanol serum concentrations were determined in the samples collected one hour after ingestion of the solution in four patients with schistosomiasis. RESULTS: The mean serum ethanol concentration one hour after the ingestion was 0.7 g\/l and all patients were clinically intoxicated. GGT was below 25 IU\/l in all 30 volunteers and in 33 of the patients with schistosomiasis. In 13 patients the GGT varied from 28 to 140 IU\/l. The two enzymes GGT and ALP determined in the 14 patients submitted to the test were positively correlated in the baseline samples (r = 0.8130) as well as in the samples obtained 24 hours after stimulation (r = 0.7921). Neither the plasma activity of GGT nor the GGT:ALP ratio was affected by the ethanol challenge. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the mechanisms for the increase of GGT serum activity in schistosomiasis and in alcoholism differ. In the latter, microsomal induction increases GGT serum activity, while alterations in the biliary tree may be responsible for the increase observed in patients with schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.46.3.250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"250-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Ethanol challenge in non-alcoholic patients with schistosomiasis."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"R D","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D R","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Pathobiology analysis of disease mechanism: Introduction","volume-title":"The liver biology and pathobiology","author":"Pooper, H.","unstructured":"Pooper H. Pathobiology analysis of disease mechanism: Introduction. In: Arias I, JakobyWB, Pooper H, Schatner D, Shafritz DA, eds. The liver biology and pathobiology. NewYork: Raven Press, 1988:1085."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_2","first-page":"58","article-title":"Evolution and Involution of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"84","author":"Andrade, A.Z.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Andrade AZ. Evolution and Involution of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1989;84:(suppl 1):58-68."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"646","article-title":"Transection of oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices","volume-title":"Br I Surg","volume":"60","author":"Pugh, R.N.H.; Murray-Lyon, I.M.; Dawson, J.L.; Pietroni, M.C.; Williams, R.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Pugh RNH, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br I Surg 1973;60:646-9."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"4448","article-title":"Liver involvement in human schistosomiasis. Assessment by immunological and biochemical markers","volume":"74","author":"Zwinzenberger, K.; Feldmeier, H.; Jan, Queiroz","year":"1988","unstructured":"Zwinzenberger K, Feldmeier H, Queiroz Jan, et al. Liver involvement in human schistosomiasis. Assessment by immunological and biochemical markers. Parasitol Res 1988;74:4448-55.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)34736-5","article-title":"Portal hemodynamics and liver cell function in hepatic schistosomiasis","volume":"47","author":"Ramos, O.L.; Saad, F.; Leser, W.P.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Ramos OL, Saad F, Leser WP. Portal hemodynamics and liver cell function in hepatic schistosomiasis. Gasteroenterology 1964;47:241-7.","journal-title":"Gasteroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"254","article-title":"Altered drug metabolism in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo","volume":"21","author":"Brant, P.C.; Prata, A.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Brant PC, Prata A. Altered drug metabolism in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 1979;21:254-9."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"274","article-title":"Hypoprothrombinemia in the compensated form of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: Further studies. Revista do Instituw de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo","volume":"30","year":"1988","unstructured":"Manoukian N, Borges DR. Hypoprothrombinemia in the compensated form of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: Further studies. Revista do Instituw de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 1988;30:274-80."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"557","article-title":"Protein C deficiency in the compensated form of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis","volume":"20","author":"Borges, D.R.; Manoukian, N.; Toledo, C.F.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Borges DR, Manoukian N, Toledo CF. Protein C deficiency in the compensated form of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Brasilian J Med Biol Res 1987;20:557-60.","journal-title":"Brasilian J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3","article-title":"Avaliaqio da funm&o hepatica de sintese proteica na hepatopatia esquistossomotica compensade e na cirrose","volume":"33","author":"Borges, D.R.; Manoukian, N.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Borges DR, Manoukian N. Avaliaqio da funm&o hepatica de sintese proteica na hepatopatia esquistossomotica compensade e na cirrose. Rev Ass Med Brasil 1987;33:3-6.","journal-title":"Rev Ass Med Brasil"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"3","article-title":"Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase","volume":"17","author":"Rosalki, S.B.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Rosalki SB. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Adv Cli Chem 1975;17:3-107.","journal-title":"Adv Cli Chem"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01535953","article-title":"Clinical use of serum enzymes in liver disease","volume":"33","author":"Reichling, J.J.; Kaplan, M.M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Reichling JJ, Kaplan MM. Clinical use of serum enzymes in liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1988;33:1601-14.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/34.3.525","article-title":"Changes in serum enzimes in moderate drinkers after an alcohol challenge","volume":"343","author":"Nemesanszky, E.; Lott, J.A.; Arato, M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nemesanszky E, Lott JA, Arato M. Changes in serum enzimes in moderate drinkers after an alcohol challenge. Clin Chem 1988;343:525-7.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"65","article-title":"Overlap Index. An alternative to sensitivity and specificity in comparing the utility of a laboratory test","volume":"108","author":"Hartz, A.J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hartz AJ. Overlap Index. An alternative to sensitivity and specificity in comparing the utility of a laboratory test. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984;108:65-8.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6357.1770","article-title":"Acute biochemical responses to moderate beer drinking","volume":"285","author":"Gill, G.V.; Baylis, P.H.; Flear, C.T.G.; Skillen, A.W.; Diggle, H.P.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gill GV, Baylis PH, Flear CTG, Skillen AW, Diggle HP. Acute biochemical responses to moderate beer drinking. Br Med J 1982;285:1770-3.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prolonged administration of ethanol to young, healthy volunteers: effects on biochemical, morphological and neurophysiological parameters","volume":"552","author":"Belfrage, P.; Berg, B.; Cronholm, T.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Belfrage P, Berg B, Cronholm T. Prolonged administration of ethanol to young, healthy volunteers: effects on biochemical, morphological and neurophysiological parameters. Acta Med Scand 1973;552:1-53.","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(78)90089-0","article-title":"Forensic considerations on the comparison of serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in experimental acute alcoholic intoxication and in alcoholic car drivers who caused road accidents","volume":"11","author":"Luchi, P.; Cortis, G.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Luchi P, Cortis G. Forensic considerations on the comparison of serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in experimental acute alcoholic intoxication and in alcoholic car drivers who caused road accidents. Forensic Sci 1978;11:33-40.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01347885","article-title":"Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and chronic alcoholism. Influence of alcohol ingestion and liver disease","volume":"30","author":"Moussavian, S.N.; Becker, R.C.; Piepmeyer, J.L.; Mezey, E.; Bozian, R.C.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Moussavian SN, Becker RC, Piepmeyer JL, Mezey E, Bozian RC. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and chronic alcoholism. Influence of alcohol ingestion and liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1985;30:211-14.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(77)91531-5","article-title":"Induction of hepatic microsomal gamma-glutamyltransferase activity following chronic alcohol consumption","volume":"75","author":"Tescke, R.; Brand, A.; Strohmeyer, G.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Tescke R, Brand A, Strohmeyer G. Induction of hepatic microsomal gamma-glutamyltransferase activity following chronic alcohol consumption. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977;75:718-24.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528209181042","article-title":"The diagnostic value of the ratio of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to alkaline phosphatase in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Lai, C.L.; Ng, R.P.; Lok, A.S.F.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lai CL, Ng RP, Lok ASF. The diagnostic value of the ratio of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to alkaline phosphatase in alcoholic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982;17:41-7.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"100","article-title":"Intrahepatic bile duct changes in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"9","author":"Vianna, M.R.; Gayotto, L.C.C.; SantosTM, AlvesVAF; Fukushima, J.; Brito, T.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Vianna MR, Gayotto LCC, SantosTM, AlvesVAF, Fukushima J, Brito T. Intrahepatic bile duct changes in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. Liver 1989;9: 100-9.","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6773.388","article-title":"Raised gammaglutamyltransferase and the need for liver biopsy","volume":"302","author":"Ireland, A.; Hartley, L.; Ryley, N.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ireland A, Hartley L, Ryley N, et al. Raised gammaglutamyltransferase and the need for liver biopsy. Br Med J 1991;302:388-9.","journal-title":"Br Med J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.46.3.250","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T17:20:36Z","timestamp":1758820836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.46.3.250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,3]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.46.3.250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.46.3.250","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-9746"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-4146"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,3]]}}}