{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T19:40:01Z","timestamp":1758915601101,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIMS--To assess the pharmacokinetics of oral, intramuscular, or transdermal hormone replacement in patients with beta thalassaemia major. METHODS--Oral (testosterone undecanoate 40 mg) and intramuscular (testosterone propionate 15 mg, phenylpropionate 30 mg, isocaproate 30 mg and decanoate 50 mg) testosterone and transdermal (17 beta oestradiol 25 micrograms and 50 micrograms) oestradiol were evaluated in 21 male (16-29 years) and 11 female (19-26 years) patients with beta thalassaemia major and various forms of hypogonadism. RESULTS--In male patients given oral testosterone, peak testosterone concentrations were observed either two to four hours or seven hours after administration; intramuscular testosterone produced peak values seven days after injection. Transdermal 17 beta oestradiol given to female patients produced a biphasic pattern with an initial peak concentration occurring at 36 hours and a secondary rise at 84 hours. CONCLUSIONS--The results indicate that oral androgens should be given twice daily in cases of hypogonadism, and where growth is incomplete, lower than recommended doses. If intramuscular testosterone is used, smaller doses of 10-25 mg should be given every one to two weeks. Transdermal administration of 25-50 micrograms 17 beta oestradiol generally produces a plasma E2 value in the early to mid-follicular phase range (100-300 pmol\/l). This is appropriate in adults but excessive for prepubertal girls. Diffuse iron infiltration of tissues does not seem to interfere with the absorption of androgens and oestrogens from the gut, muscle, or skin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.46.7.660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"660-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of sex steroids in patients with beta thalassaemia major."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Katz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"De Sanctis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Vullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Wonke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H H","family":"McGarrigle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Bagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Endocrine complications in thalassaemia major","volume-title":"controversies in thalassemia therapy. Bone marrow transplantation and other approaches","author":"V, De Sanctis; C, Vullo; M, Katz","year":"1989","unstructured":"De Sanctis V, Vullo C, Katz M, et al. Endocrine complications in thalassaemia major. In: Buckner CD, Gale RP, Lucarelli G, eds. Advances and controversies in thalassemia therapy. Bone marrow transplantation and other approaches. New York; Alan Liss Inc, 1989:77-83."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"643","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in thalassaemic patients with secondary amenorrhoea","volume":"72","author":"V, De Sanctis; C, Vullo; M, Katz","year":"1988","unstructured":"De Sanctis V, Vullo C, Katz M, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in thalassaemic patients with secondary amenorrhoea. Obstet Gynaecol 1988;72:643-7.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80488-1","article-title":"Growth and sexual maturation in thalassemia major","volume":"106","author":"Borgna-Pignatti, C.; De Stefano, P.; Zonta, L.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Borgna-Pignatti C, De Stefano P, Zonta L, et al. Growth and sexual maturation in thalassemia major. J Pediatr 1986;106:150-5.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)60382-5","article-title":"Induction of spermatogenesis in thalassaemia","volume":"50","author":"V, De Sanctis; C, Vullo; M, Katz","year":"1989","unstructured":"De Sanctis V, Vullo C, Katz M, et al. Induction of spermatogenesis in thalassaemia. Fertil Steril 1989;50: 969-75.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.40.11.1353","article-title":"Iron state and hepatic disease in patients with thalassaemia major, treated with long term subcutaneous desferrioxamine","volume":"40","author":"Aldouri, M.A.; Wonke, B.; Hoffbrand, A.V.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Aldouri MA, Wonke B, Hoffbrand AV, et al. Iron state and hepatic disease in patients with thalassaemia major, treated with long term subcutaneous desferrioxamine. J Clin Pathol 1987;40:1353-9.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5909.16","article-title":"Long-term chelation therapy in thalassaemia major: effect on liver iron concentration, liver histology, and clinical progress","volume":"2","author":"Barry, M.; Flynn, D.M.; Letsky, E.A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Barry M, Flynn DM, Letsky EA, et al. Long-term chelation therapy in thalassaemia major: effect on liver iron concentration, liver histology, and clinical progress. Br MedJ 1974;2:16-20.","journal-title":"Br MedJ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/000456328302000203","article-title":"Insulin resistance and iron overload","volume":"20","author":"Dandona, P.; Hussain, M.A.M.; Varghese, Z.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dandona P, Hussain MAM, Varghese Z, et al. Insulin resistance and iron overload. Ann Clin Biochem 1983;20:77-9.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.63.1.58","article-title":"Insulin dependent diabetes in thalassaemia","volume":"63","author":"V, De Sanctis; MG, Zurlo; E, Senesi","year":"1988","unstructured":"De Sanctis V, Zurlo MG, Senesi E, et al. Insulin dependent diabetes in thalassaemia. Arch Dis Child 1988;63:58-62.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"516","article-title":"Pulmonary artery obstruction in thalassaemia","volume":"ll:","author":"Sonakul, D.; Pacharee, P.; Lachapand, T.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Sonakul D, Pacharee P, Lachapand T, et al. Pulmonary artery obstruction in thalassaemia. South East Asian J'ournal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1980;ll: 516-20.","journal-title":"South East Asian J'ournal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000205186","article-title":"High incidence of cholelithiasis in older patients with homozygous betathalassemia","volume":"83","author":"Goldfarb, A.; Grisaru, D.; Gimmon, Z.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Goldfarb A, Grisaru D, Gimmon Z, et al. High incidence of cholelithiasis in older patients with homozygous betathalassemia. Acta Haematol 1990;83:120-3.","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360240058011","article-title":"Desferrioxamine improves left ventricular function in betathalassemia","volume":"146","author":"Grisaru, D.; Goldfarb, A.; Gotsman, M.S.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Grisaru D, Goldfarb A, Gotsman MS, et al. Desferrioxamine improves left ventricular function in betathalassemia. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:2344-9.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.55.3.218","article-title":"Plasma androgens after a single oral dose of testosterone undecanoate","volume":"55","author":"Geere, G.; Jones, J.; Atherden, S.M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Geere G, Jones J, Atherden SM, et al. Plasma androgens after a single oral dose of testosterone undecanoate. Arch Dis Child 1980;55:218-20.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6209.225","article-title":"Endocrine aspects of liver disease","volume":"1","author":"Long, R.G.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Long RG. Endocrine aspects of liver disease. Br Med J 1980;1:225-8.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"369-76","key":"ref_14","first-page":"15","article-title":"Sex hormones and the liver","volume":"66","author":"Johnson, P.J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Johnson PJ. Sex hormones and the liver. Clin Sci 1984;66: 369-76. 15 llig R, De Campo C, Lang-Mauritano MR, et al. A physiological mode of puberty induction in hypogonadal girls by low dose transdermal 17f-oestradiol. Eur J Pediatr 1990;150:86-91.","journal-title":"Clin Sci; A physiological mode of puberty induction in hypogonadal girls by low dose transdermal 17f-oestradiol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1979.02130050041009","article-title":"Endocrine abnormalities in thalassemia major","volume":"133","author":"Costin, G.M.; Kogut, M.D.; Hyman, C.B.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Costin GM, Kogut MD, Hyman CB, et al. Endocrine abnormalities in thalassemia major. Am. Dis Child 1979;133:497-502.","journal-title":"Am. Dis Child"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.46.7.660","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T19:12:58Z","timestamp":1758913978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.46.7.660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.46.7.660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.46.7.660","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-9746"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-4146"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]}}}