{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:22:32Z","timestamp":1790407352493,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIMS--To determine the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) in stools from children. METHODS--Stool samples from 14 healthy children, 32 children with inflammatory bowel disease, and 23 children with acute diarrhoea were emulsified in an equal volume of phosphate buffered saline and then centrifuged to produce a clear supernatant fluid. IL-6 and TNF alpha were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS--TNF alpha was detected in the stools of all 14 healthy children (12-130 pg\/g stool), but IL-6 was detected only in three. Similar results were seen in children with inactive inflammatory bowel disease. Stool TNF alpha concentrations were raised in samples from children with active inflammatory bowel disease, but in most (11\/18) of these samples IL-6 was undetectable. Stool samples contained a heat-labile factor which rapidly destroyed IL-6 immunoreactivity. Most children with diarrhoea had TNF alpha concentrations similar to those of healthy controls and most were also negative for IL-6. Three children with Shigella flexneri infection had extraordinarily high concentrations of both TNF alpha and IL-6 in their stools. CONCLUSIONS--There is constant low grade production of TNF alpha in the intestine of healthy people. Raised values are indicative of mucosal inflammation, but are not specific. Stool IL-6 is of little use in assessing mucosal inflammation because immunoreactivity is rapidly lost in stool samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.46.8.757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:50:46Z","timestamp":1181350246000},"page":"757-760","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Cytokines in stools of children with inflammatory bowel disease or infective diarrhoea."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C P","family":"Braegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J A","family":"Walker-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T T","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01300378","article-title":"and IL-6 expression in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"1","author":"Stevens, C.; Walz, G.; Singaram","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stevens C, Walz G, Singaram, et al. Tumor necrosis factor a, IL-1,i, and IL-6 expression in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:818-26.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1893","article-title":"Overlapping patterns of activation of human endothelial cells by interleukin 1, TNFa, and immune interferon","volume":"137","author":"Pober, J.S.; Gimbrone, M.A.; Lapierre, L.A.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pober JS, Gimbrone MA, Lapierre LA, et al. Overlapping patterns of activation of human endothelial cells by interleukin 1, TNFa, and immune interferon. Immunol 1986;137:1893-6.","journal-title":"Immunol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113788","article-title":"Recognition of an endothelial determinant for CD18 dependent human neutrophil adherence and transendothelial migration","volume":"82","author":"Smith, C.W.; Rothlein, R.; Hughes, B.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Smith CW, Rothlein R, Hughes BJ, et al. Recognition of an endothelial determinant for CD18 dependent human neutrophil adherence and transendothelial migration. Clin Invest 1988;82:1746-56.","journal-title":"Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"913","article-title":"Serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor a in childhood chronic inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"32","author":"Murch, S.H.; Lamkin, V.A.; Savage, M.O.; Walker-Smith, J.A.; MacDonald, T.T.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Murch SH, Lamkin VA, Savage MO, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT. Serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor a in childhood chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1990;32:913-17.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"351","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma production measured at the single cell level in normal and inflamed human intestine. Clin Exp Immunol","volume":"81","author":"MacDonald, T.T.; Choy, M.Y.; Hutchings, P.A.; Murch, S.H.; Cooke, A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"MacDonald TT, Choy MY, Hutchings PA, Murch SH, Cooke A. Tumour necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma production measured at the single cell level in normal and inflamed human intestine. Clin Exp Immunol 1990;81:351-6."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90999-J","article-title":"MacDonald 1T. TNFa in stool as a marker of intestinal inflammation","volume":"339","author":"Braegger, C.P.; Nicholls, S.; Murch, S.H.; Stephens, S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Braegger CP, Nicholls S, Murch SH, Stephens S, MacDonald 1T. TNFa in stool as a marker of intestinal inflammation. Lancet 1992;339:89-91.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90100-D","article-title":"Enhanced mucosal cytokine production in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"102","author":"Pullman, W.E.; Elsbury, S.; Kobayashi, M.; Hapel, A.J.; Doe, W.F.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pullman WE, Elsbury S, Kobayashi M, Hapel AJ, Doe WF. Enhanced mucosal cytokine production in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1992;102:529-37.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.12.1531","article-title":"High circulating concentrations of IL-6 in active Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis","volume":"32","author":"Mahida, Y.R.; Kurlac, L.; Gallagher, A.; Hawkey, C.J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mahida YR, Kurlac L, Gallagher A, Hawkey CJ. High circulating concentrations of IL-6 in active Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis. Gut 1991;32:1531-4.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"514","article-title":"Evidence for continuous stimulation of interleukin 6","volume-title":"Production in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1992; 102","author":"Gross, V.; Andus, T.; Caesar, I.; Roth, M.; Sch6lmerich, J.","unstructured":"Gross V, Andus T, Caesar I, Roth M, Sch6lmerich J. Evidence for continuous stimulation of interleukin 6 Production in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1992;102:514-19."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V72.4.1134.1134","article-title":"Regulation of interleukin 6 production in cultured human blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"72","author":"Bauer, J.; Ganter, V.; Geiger, T.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bauer J, Ganter V, Geiger T, et al. Regulation of interleukin 6 production in cultured human blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Blood 1988;72:1134-40.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(89)81361-4","article-title":"0-and N-glycosylation lead to different molecular mass forms of human monocyte interleukin-6","volume":"247","author":"Groos, V.; Andus, T.; Castell, J.; vom Berg, D.; Heinrich, P.C.; Gerok, W.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Groos V, Andus T, Castell J, vom Berg D, Heinrich PC, Gerok W. 0-and N-glycosylation lead to different molecular mass forms of human monocyte interleukin-6. FEBS Lett 1989;247:323-6.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02890085","article-title":"IL-6 and its receptor are expressed in human intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"58","author":"Shirota, K.; LeDuy, L.; Yuan, S.; Jothy, S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Shirota K, LeDuy L, Yuan S, Jothy S. IL-6 and its receptor are expressed in human intestinal epithelial cells. Virchows Arch (Cell Pathol) 1990;58:303-8.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch (Cell Pathol)"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91446-F","article-title":"TNFa in stool as a marker of intestinal inflammation","volume":"340","author":"D, De Silva; L, Mendis; N, Sheron","year":"1992","unstructured":"De Silva D, Mendis L, Sheron N, et al. TNFa in stool as a marker of intestinal inflammation. Lancet 1992;340:372.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"6758","article-title":"Circulating human peripheral blood granulocytes synthesize and secrete tumor","volume-title":"necrosis factor a. Proc Natl Acad Sci","volume":"87","author":"Dubravec, D.B.; Spriggs, D.R.; Mannick, J.A.; Rodrick, M.L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dubravec DB, Spriggs DR, Mannick JA, Rodrick ML. Circulating human peripheral blood granulocytes synthesize and secrete tumor necrosis factor a. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:6758-61."},{"key":"ref_15","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localisation of TNFa in chronic inflammatory bowel disease","author":"Murch, S.H.; Braegger, C.P.; Walker-Smith, J.A.; MacDonald, T.T.","unstructured":"Murch SH, Braegger CP, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT. Immunohistochemical localisation of TNFa in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut (in press)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.46.8.757","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T09:07:25Z","timestamp":1758791245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.46.8.757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,8]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.46.8.757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.46.8.757","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,8]]}}}