{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T15:34:58Z","timestamp":1760888098747},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIM: To investigate the role of endotoxin in synergy between bacterial toxins associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). METHODS: Extracellular toxins of 13 isolates of Staphylococcus from SIDS victims and matched healthy infants were tested for lethal toxicity in chick embryos with and without standard endotoxin (used at 1.00 ng\/embryo). Endotoxin and toxins from staphylococci were used at dilutions with negligible lethality. RESULTS: Simultaneous injection of non-lethal levels of endotoxin and toxins from 11 of the 13 staphylococcal isolates tested produced lethal toxicity that was 111 to 613% greater than expected by an additive effect alone. This was highly significant and occurred even in the absence of staphylococcal enterotoxins or toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. CONCLUSION: Endotoxin enhancement of staphylococcal toxin lethality could be partly responsible for the clinical outcome in SIDS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.49.5.365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T04:50:46Z","timestamp":1181364646000},"page":"365-368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Significance of endotoxin in lethal synergy between bacteria associated with sudden infant death syndrome: follow up study."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"N M","family":"Sayers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D B","family":"Drucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J A","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D R","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10792.x","article-title":"Are there tests predictive for prolonged apnoea and SIDS? A review of epidemiological and functional studies","volume":"342","author":"Benetele, K.H.; Albani, M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Benetele KH, Albani M. Are there tests predictive for prolonged apnoea and SIDS? A review of epidemiological and functional studies. Acta Pediatr Scand 1988;342: 1-21.","journal-title":"Acta Pediatr Scand"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6610.1366","article-title":"Recent theories on the cause of cot death","volume":"295","author":"Milner, A.D.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Milner AD. Recent theories on the cause of cot death. BMJ 1987;295: 1366-8.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"958","article-title":"Maternal smoking, low birth weight, and ethnicity in relation to sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Li, D.K.; Darling, JR","year":"1991","unstructured":"Li DK, Darling JR. Maternal smoking, low birth weight, and ethnicity in relation to sudden infant death syndrome. Ann 7 Epidemiol 1991;134:958-64."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6429.1491","article-title":"Respiratory viruses and sudden infant death","volume":"288","author":"Williams, A.L.; Wren, E.C.; Bretherton, L.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Williams AL, Wren EC, Bretherton L. Respiratory viruses and sudden infant death. BMJ 1984;288:1491-3.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.1.35","article-title":"Exacerbation of bacterial toxicity to infant ferrets by influenza virus: possible role in sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"163","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jakeman KJ, Rushton DI, -Smith H, Sweet C. Exacerbation of bacterial toxicity to infant ferrets by influenza virus: possible role in sudden infant death syndrome. J Infect Dis 1991;163:35-40.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(87)90145-9","article-title":"Hypothesis: common bacterial toxins are a possible cause of sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Morris, J.A.; Haran, D.; Smith, A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Morris JA, Haran D, Smith A. Hypothesis: common bacterial toxins are a possible cause of sudden infant death syndrome. Med Hypth 1987;22:211-22.","journal-title":"Med Hypth"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(89)91094-3","article-title":"The nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in the sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Telford, D.R.; Morris, J.A.; Hughes, P.; Conway, A.R.; Lee, S.M.; Barson, A.J.; Drucker, D.B.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Telford DR, Morris JA, Hughes P, Conway AR, Lee SM, Barson AJ, Drucker DB. The nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in the sudden infant death syndrome. J Infect 1989; B18: 125-30.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.48.10.929","article-title":"Lethal synergy between toxins of staphylococci and enterobacteria: implications for sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"48","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sayers NM, Drucker DB, Morris JA, Telford DR. Lethal synergy between toxins of staphylococci and enterobacteria: implications for sudden infant death syndrome. Clin Pathol 1995;48:929-32.","journal-title":"Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80353-0","article-title":"Response of man to endotoxin","volume":"187","author":"Martich, D.G.; Boujoukos, A.J.; Suffredini, A.F.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Martich DG, Boujoukos AJ, Suffredini AF. Response of man to endotoxin. Immunobiol 1993;187:403-16.","journal-title":"Immunobiol"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"25","article-title":"The detection of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin-I production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus with commercial RPLA kits","volume":"7","author":"Wieneke, A.A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wieneke AA. The detection of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin-I production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus with commercial RPLA kits. Int _7 Food Microbiol 1988;7:25-30."},{"key":"ref_11","series-title":"Clin Pathol","first-page":"799","article-title":"Lethal synergistic action of toxins of bacteria isolated from sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Drucker, D.B.; Aluyi, H.A.; Morris, J.A.; Telford, D.R.; Gibbs, A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Drucker DB, Aluyi HA, Morris JA, Telford DR, Gibbs A. Lethal synergistic action of toxins of bacteria isolated from sudden infant death syndrome..T Clin Pathol 1992;45: 799-801."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1126\/science.92.2385.245","article-title":"A technique for the intravenous inoculation of chick embryos","volume":"92","author":"Eichhorn, E.A.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Eichhorn EA. A technique for the intravenous inoculation of chick embryos. Science 1940;92:245-6.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"The amino acid requirements of microorganisms for growth","volume-title":"Handbook of biochemistry","author":"Guigard, B.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Guigard B. The amino acid requirements of microorganisms for growth. In: Sober HA, ed. Handbook of biochemistry. Cleveland, Ohio: Chemical Rubber Co., 1970:1-3-19."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2185544","article-title":"The Staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives","volume":"248","author":"Marrak, P.; Kappler, J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Marrak P, Kappler J. The Staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives. Science 1990;248:705-11.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"131 -41","key":"ref_15","article-title":"Haemolysin secretion from E. coli","volume":"72","author":"Holland, I.B.; Kenny, B.; Blight, M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Holland IB, Kenny B, Blight M. Haemolysin secretion from E. coli. Biochimie 1990;72:131 -41.","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549009027079","article-title":"Toxigenic Escherichia coli associated with sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Bettelheim, K.A.; Goldwater, P.N.; Dwyer, B.W.; Bourne, A.J.; Smith, D.L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bettelheim KA, Goldwater PN, Dwyer BW, Bourne AJ, Smith DL. Toxigenic Escherichia coli associated with sudden infant death syndrome. Scand I Infect Dis 1990; 22:467-76.","journal-title":"Scand I Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"468","article-title":"Sensitivity of thorotrast-treated monkeys","volume-title":"to staphylococcal enterotoxin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1963","volume":"113","author":"Sugiyama, H.; McKissic, E.M.; Bergdoll, M.S.","unstructured":"Sugiyama H, McKissic EM, Bergdoll MS. Sensitivity of thorotrast-treated monkeys to staphylococcal enterotoxin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1963;113:468-70."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.16.2.673-679.1977","article-title":"Purification and characterization of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C","volume":"16","author":"Schlievert, P.M.; Bettin, K.M.; Watson, D.W.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schlievert PM, Bettin KM, Watson DW. Purification and characterization of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C. Infect Imnmun 1977;16:673-9.","journal-title":"Infect Imnmun"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"559","article-title":"The role of naturally-acquired bacterial infection in influenza-related death in neonatal ferrets","volume":"64","author":"Husseini, R.H.; Collie, M.H.; Rushton, D.I.; Sweet, C.; Smith, H.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Husseini RH, Collie MH, Rushton DI, Sweet C, Smith H. The role of naturally-acquired bacterial infection in influenza-related death in neonatal ferrets. Br]_ Exp Pathol 1983;64:559-69.","journal-title":"Br]_ Exp Pathol"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"561","article-title":"Studies of influenza virus infection in newborn ferrets","volume":"13","author":"Collie, M.H.; Rushton, D.I.; Sweet, C.; Smith, H.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Collie MH, Rushton DI, Sweet C, Smith H. Studies of influenza virus infection in newborn ferrets. _7 Med Microbiol 1980;13:561-71."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.70.2.95","article-title":"Antibodies to endotoxin core in sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Oppenheim, B.A.; Barclay, G.R.; Morris, J.; Knox, F.; Barson, A.; Drucker, D.B.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Oppenheim BA, Barclay GR, Morris J, Knox F, Barson A, Drucker DB, et al. Antibodies to endotoxin core in sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Dis Child 1994;70:95-8.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"44","article-title":"Antiendotoxin therapies for septic shock","volume":"2","author":"Corriveau CC, Danner RL","year":"1993","unstructured":"Corriveau CC, Danner RL. Antiendotoxin therapies for septic shock. Infect Agents Dis 1993;2:44-52.","journal-title":"Infect Agents Dis"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.1993.11718281","article-title":"Passive immunotherapy of gram-negative bacteraemia, sepsis and septic shock","volume":"48","author":"Spapen, H.D.; Diltoer, M.; Huyghens, L.P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spapen HD, Diltoer M, Huyghens LP. Passive immunotherapy of gram-negative bacteraemia, sepsis and septic shock. Acta Clitn Belg 1993;48:20-9.","journal-title":"Acta Clitn Belg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.49.5.365","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T23:17:02Z","timestamp":1717197422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.49.5.365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,5]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.49.5.365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.49.5.365","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,5]]}}}