{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:23:51Z","timestamp":1790198631774,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIM: To examine the effect of corticosteroid treatment on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Four groups of patients were studied: (1) ulcerative colitis treated with high dose corticosteroids (six patients, 10 blocks); (2) ulcerative colitis patients who had never received corticosteroids (10 patients, 16 blocks); (3) Crohn's disease treated with high dose corticosteroids (12 patients, 24 blocks); (4) Non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic controls (four patients, six blocks). Full thickness paraffin sections of colons removed at surgery were immunostained with an antibody raised against the C terminal end of iNOS. Sections were assessed semiquantitatively for the presence and degree of inflammation and immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase. RESULTS: Cases of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease with active inflammation showed strong staining for nitric oxide synthase. The staining was diffuse in ulcerative colitis and patchy in Crohn's disease, in accordance with the distribution of active inflammation. Staining was seen in epithelial cells and was most intense near areas of inflammation such as crypt abscesses. Non-inflamed epithelium showed no immunoreactivity. Treatment with corticosteroids made no difference to the amount of nitric oxide synthase. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of nitric oxide synthase is increased in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and appears to be unaffected by treatment with corticosteroids. Disease severity necessitated surgery in all the cases included in this study, regardless of whether or not the patients had received long term corticosteroid treatment. It seems therefore that a high level of iNOS expression and, presumably, production of nitric oxide characterise cases which are refractory to clinical treatment; this suggests that specific inhibition of the enzyme may be a useful therapeutic adjunct.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.51.10.750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]],"date-time":"2008-12-31T19:05:02Z","timestamp":1230750302000},"page":"750-753","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Expression of nitric oxide synthase in inflammatory bowel disease is not affected by corticosteroid treatment."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"N","family":"Leonard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A E","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J M","family":"Polak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I C","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-6053(00)80007-1","article-title":"Localisation of nitric oxide synthase: alterations in disease","volume":"2","author":"Buttery, L.D.K.; Polak, J.M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Buttery LDK, Polak JM. Localisation of nitric oxide synthase: alterations in disease. Curr Diagn Pathol 1995;2:111\u201321.","journal-title":"Curr Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.13.7557022","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies related to nitric oxide","volume":"9","author":"Moncada, S.; Higgs, E.A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Moncada S, Higgs EA. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies related to nitric oxide. FASEB J 1995;9:1319\u201330.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90211-X","article-title":"Increased nitric oxide synthesis in ulcerative colitis","volume":"341","author":"Middleton, S.J.; Shorthouse, M.; Hunter, J.D.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Middleton SJ, Shorthouse M, Hunter JD. Increased nitric oxide synthesis in ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1993;341:465\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91476-3","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"342","author":"Boughton-Smith, N.K.; Evans, S.M.; Hawkey, C.J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Boughton-Smith NK, Evans SM, Hawkey CJ, et al. Nitric oxide synthase activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. Lancet 1993;342:338\u201340.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.5.718","article-title":"Enhanced colonic nitric oxide generation and nitric oxide synthase activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Rachemilewitz, D.; Stamler, J.S.; Bachwich, D.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rachemilewitz D, Stamler JS, Bachwich D, et al. Enhanced colonic nitric oxide generation and nitric oxide synthase activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. Gut 1995; 36:718\u201323.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(96)70055-0","article-title":"Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in colonic epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"111","author":"Singer, I.; Kawka, D.W.; Scott, S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Singer I, Kawka DW, Scott S, et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in colonic epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1996; 111:871\u201385.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1996.tb02131.x","article-title":"Expression of nitric oxide synthase in ulcerative colitis","volume":"26","author":"Godkin, A.J.; De Belder, A.J.; Villa, L.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Godkin AJ, De Belder AJ, Villa L, et al. Expression of nitric oxide synthase in ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Invest 1996;26:867\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018849405922","article-title":"Increase nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in colonic mucosa of patients with active ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Kimura, H.; Miura, S.; Shigematsu, T.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kimura H, Miura S, Shigematsu T, et al. Increase nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in colonic mucosa of patients with active ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:1047\u201354.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"10043","article-title":"Glucocorticoids inhibit the expression of an inducible, but not the constitutive nitric oxide synthase","volume-title":"vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci","volume":"87","author":"Radomski, M.W.; Palmer, R.M.J.; Moncada, S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Radomski MW, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Glucocorticoids inhibit the expression of an inducible, but not the constitutive nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:10043\u20137."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"577","article-title":"Use of avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques","volume":"85","author":"Hsu, S.M.; Raine, L.; Fanger, H.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hsu SM, Raine L, Fanger H. Use of avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques. J Histochem Cytochem 1981;85:577\u201380.","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90376-8","article-title":"Indium 111-granulocyte scanning in the assessment of disease extent and disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"90","author":"Saverymuttu, S.H.; Camilleri, M.; Rees, H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Saverymuttu SH, Camilleri M, Rees H, et al. Indium 111-granulocyte scanning in the assessment of disease extent and disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1986;90:1121\u20138.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1995.tb00377.x","article-title":"New insights into prostaglandins and mucosal defence","volume":"9","author":"Wallace, J.L.; Tigley, A.W.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wallace JL, Tigley AW. New insights into prostaglandins and mucosal defence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;9:227\u2013 35.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529509096328","article-title":"Serum nitrate levels in ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"M, Oudherk Pool; G, Bouma; JJ, Visser","year":"1995","unstructured":"Oudherk Pool M, Bouma G, Visser JJ, et al. Serum nitrate levels in ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995;30:784\u20138.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.12.1381691","article-title":"Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells","volume":"6","author":"Nathan, C.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nathan C. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J 1992;6:3051\u201364.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00207-7","article-title":"Etiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Sartor, R.B.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sartor RB. Etiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1995:24: 475\u2013507.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.51.10.750","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T08:44:36Z","timestamp":1765701876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.51.10.750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.51.10.750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.51.10.750","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]}}}